These many pictures of Map Of Ancient Kingdoms Of England list may become your inspiration and informational purpose. The heptarchy (Ancient Greek: ἑπτά + ἀρχή, seven + realm) is a collective name applied to seven Anglo-Saxon Anglia " (par L. Favre, 1883–1887), dans du Cange, et al., William Searle Holdsworth, "A History of English Law," Little, Brown, and Company, 1912, p. 502, Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present), Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present), Learn how and when to remove this template message, act declaring England to be a Commonwealth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_England&oldid=1000797084, States and territories established in the 920s, States and territories disestablished in 1649, States and territories established in 1660, States and territories disestablished in 1707, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2015, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles needing additional references from May 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. in Gaming news. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. Their lasting legacy was the formation of the independent kingdoms of England and Scotland. Although heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. In 886, Alfred the Great retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. It is bordered by Scotland to the north and Wales to the west and it has coastlines along Celtic, North and Irish Seas and the English Channel. - DiscountOnline.co.uk The kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy: East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex. They were the founders of the Tudor dynasty, which ruled the kingdom from 1485 to 1603. Edward I defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and so effectively conquered Wales, in 1282. In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general. In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). Historically, the Britons inhabited several separate Kingdoms, with the most powerful leader among them being acknowledged as the King of Britons, or Rex Britannorum. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707. The following were the seven Kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy in England: 1. The kingdom had little time to recover before entering the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), a series of civil wars over possession of the throne between the House of Lancaster (whose heraldic symbol was the red rose) and the House of York (whose symbol was the white rose), each led by different branches of the descendants of Edward III. Anglo-Saxon England was early medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from the end of Roman Britain until the Norman conquest in 1066. Æthelstan was the first to be King of all England.[5]. by Gamer Rift May 26, 2020, 5:32 pm 47.7k Views. With over 21 play zones and events held all year we pride ourselves on being a … For the country in its current form and generally, see, Historic sovereign kingdom on the British Isles (927–1649; 1660–1707). Occupying the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, the kingdom … Play Vikings: Fields of Conquest - Kingdoms of England II online! Out of everywhere they have ever been, 4 kingdoms was by far there fav day out. On 12 July 927, the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were united by Æthelstan (r. 927–939) to form the Kingdom of England. It’s cultural ties are thought to have been more strong with Welsh and Irish kingdoms than with other English ones, perhaps the old Celt link. The sequel to Kingdoms of England is turn-based medieval strategy game for up to six humans or computer opponents. It’s our job to help you save money while making sure that you get the most out of 4-kingdoms.co.uk discount codes. Edward III (reigned 1327–1377) transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe; his reign also saw vital developments in legislation and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament. The year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. Richard proved to be ineffectual and was unable to maintain his rule. Assassin's Creed Valhalla Focuses on 4 Kingdoms in England and Features 3 Major Cities - News. Assassin’s Creed Valhalla’s map features the four Kingdoms of England, as well as some of Norway. He resigned his title and retired into obscurity. [10] It is probably at this point that Alfred assumed the new royal style 'King of the Anglo-Saxons.'. She also began to build up the kingdom's naval strength, on the foundations Henry VIII had laid down. They established seven independent kingdoms called ‘Heptarchy’ (a Greek word which means ‘the rule of seven’): Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria . It later combined with the Kingdom of Scotland to become the United Kingdoms of England and Scotland. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". Edward III was the first English king to have a claim to the throne of France. Finally, Ireland was, although most of it because independent again. [7] By the 14th century, England was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain. In 1541, during Henry VIII's reign, the Parliament of Ireland proclaimed him king of Ireland, thereby bringing the Kingdom of Ireland into personal union with the Kingdom of England. Over the course of the 9th century, the Danish enclave at York expanded into the Danelaw, with about half of England under Danish rule. Then on the 18th we were shifted into tier 4. It is the highest civil office in the United Kingdom. They established seven independent kingdoms called ‘Heptarchy’ (a Greek word which means ‘the rule of seven’): Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria . The armies of Harold and William faced each other at the Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066), in which the English army, or Fyrd, was defeated, Harold and his two brothers were slain, and William emerged as victor. Scotland, Wales, and Ireland had multiple kingdoms as well. 4 2. Click for screenshots, downloads, cheats and more info! 4 KINGDOMS LTD - Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts, annual return, officers, charges, business activity While England has traditionally been thought of as the heart of the United Kingdom, some use the term "England" to refer to the entire country, however, this is not correct. His pursuit of the claim resulted in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), which pitted five kings of England of the House of Plantagenet against five kings of France of the Capetian House of Valois. Under the Tudor monarchy, Henry VIII replaced the laws of Wales with those of England (under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542). Minor kingdoms were found in Essex (the East Saxons), Sussex (the South Saxons) and Kent. It absorbed the kingdoms of Kent and Sussex in 825. Produce new resources and build your small castle into a mighty fortress! Calais, the last remaining continental possession of the Kingdom, was lost in 1558, during the reign of Philip and Mary I. After the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649, the Rump Parliament passed an act declaring England to be a Commonwealth on 19 May 1649. Dynastically, all English monarchs after 1066 ultimately claim descent from the Normans; the distinction of the Plantagenets is merely conventional, beginning with Henry II (reigned 1154–1189) as from that time, the Angevin kings became "more English in nature"; the houses of Lancaster and York are both Plantagenet cadet branches, the Tudor dynasty claimed descent from Edward III via John Beaufort and James VI and I of the House of Stuart claimed descent from Henry VII via Margaret Tudor. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly with "Offa the Great". The English establishment did not wish to risk a Stuart on the Scottish throne, nor the possibility of a Scottish military alliance with another power. The completion of the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1284 put Wales under the control of the English crown. William launched an invasion of England and landed in Sussex on 28 September 1066. pic.twitter.com/y4lJoayK9X — Ashraf Ismail (@AshrafAIsmail) May 3, 2020 Assassin’s Creed Valhalla’s map features the four Kingdoms of England, as well as some of Norway. In a recent trailer breakdown on the Ubisoft Youtube channel, the developer shares that Valhalla will cover the four kingdoms, Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria and East Anglia. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. We were there from opening until closing time and I still had to physically carry them out because they didn’t want to leave. The appointment of a Prime Minister by the monarch is formal, based on advice given to them. TheKingdom of Englandis a very famous Kingdom in Europe, which is ruled byCharles II of England. The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were: The other main kingdoms, which were conquered by others entirely at some point in their history, before the unification of England, are: Other minor kingdoms and territories include: Arms were attributed to the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy from the 12th or 13th century onward, with the development of heraldry. A Celtic kingdom, it was named after the Dumnonii tribe and lasted for 4 centuries as a fairly strong regional power. The Rump Parliament was recalled and there was a second period where the executive power lay with the Council of state. EGBERT 827 – 839Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. The Viking invasions of England occurred from 865 to 1066, during which the Scandinavian Vikings launched several invasions against the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, following almost a century of raids and colonization of the British Isles.. My children are 4 & 2 yrs and are lucky enough to have visited most of the “fun places” aimed at their age groups. Grab 10% off-90% off off active 4 Kingdoms Discount Codes & Vouchers at Discount Online. Histories of the kingdom of England from the Norman conquest of 1066 conventionally distinguish periods named after successive ruling dynasties: Norman 1066–1154, Plantagenet 1154–1485, Tudor 1485–1603 and Stuart 1603–1707 (interrupted by the Interregnum of 1649–1660). Kingdoms of England is an Amiga miscellaneous strategy game released in 1989 by Incognito Software. The English were more anxious about the royal succession. In 1016, the kingdom became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway. In 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England. A Treaty of Union was agreed on 22 July 1706, and following the Acts of Union of 1707, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain, the independence of the kingdoms of England and Scotland came to an end on 1 May 1707. The Germanic people invaded England and established a number of kingdoms between 450 and 600 AD. We hope you enjoy and satisfied in the manner of our best describe of Map Of Ancient Kingdoms Of England from our stock that posted here and after that you can use it for agreeable needs for personal use only. The ensuing war ended with an agreement in 1016 between Canute and Æthelred's successor, Edmund Ironside, to divide England between them, but Edmund's death on 30 November of that year left England united under Danish rule. A Celtic kingdom, it was named after the Dumnonii tribe and lasted for 4 centuries as a fairly strong regional power. From the accession of James VI and I in 1603, the Stuart dynasty ruled England in personal union with Scotland and Ireland. Counties were used initially for the administration of justice, collection of taxes and organisation of the military, and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation. "[8] Asser added that "Alfred, king of the Anglo-Saxons, restored the city of London splendidly ... and made it habitable once more. The Royal Family are the Stuarts. Extensive naval raiding was carried out by all sides during the war, often involving privateers such as John Hawley of Dartmouth or the Castilian Pero Niño. This was a consequence of sustained hostility to the increasingly nationalist French, whose kings and other leaders (notably the charismatic Joan of Arc) used a developing sense of French identity to help draw people to their cause. Wales, a congeries of Celtic kingdoms lying in Great Britain’s southwest, was formally united with England by the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1542. The House of Tudor ended with the death of Elizabeth I on 24 March 1603. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages. The Seven Kingdoms imprinted a powerful folk memory on the people and survive to this day as counties or regions of England. Minor kingdoms were found in Essex (the East Saxons), Sussex (the South Saxons) and Kent. [citation needed], The Kingdom of Essex, for instance, was assigned a red shield with three notched swords (or "seaxes"). Yet it also saw the development of great art, poetry, and institutions from which emerged the unified kingdom of England, belying the popular characterisation as a “dark age”.Indeed, the name “England” derives from the “land of the Angles”. William was then able to conquer England with little further opposition. The principal four kingdoms were Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex (land of the West Saxons), and East Anglia. On 12 July 927 the monarchs of Britain gathered at Eamont in Cumbria to recognise Æthelstan as king of the English. Make your dream a reality and become a king and castle lord with the Empire: Four Kingdoms app! This can be considered England's 'foundation date', although the process of unification had taken almost 100 years. They ceased to be used for administration only with the creation of the administrative counties in 1889.[11][12]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that "all of the English people (all Angelcyn) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred. Dumnonia was located in South-west England. This article is about the state that existed from the 10th century to 1707. EBK presents a map of Britain as it may have appeared around AD 600. Daniel 7 speaks of the rise of a ten-horned phase of the fourth kingdom, which represents the Antichrist’s kingdom during the Tribulation (7:20-28). James I ascended the throne of England and brought it into personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland. Its total land area is 50,346 square miles (130,395 sq km) and a population of 55.98 million people (2018 estimate). The monarchy returned in 1660, but the Civil War had established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without the consent of Parliament. After centuries of war, broken peace treaties, regicide, and usurpation, the Britons have been unlawfully annexed by England and Scotland. This coat was used by the counties of Essex and Middlesex until 1910, when the Middlesex County Council applied for a formal grant from the College of Arms (The Times, 1910). Article 23 of the Instrument of Government stated that Oliver Cromwell was to be the first Lord Protector. Don't forget to use your 4-kingdoms.co.uk discount codes at checkout to get exclusive offers . "[4], The unification of the kingdom of England was complete only in the 10th century, following the expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe as king of Northumbria. The Anglo-Normans became separate from their cousins who held lands mainly in France and mocked the former for their archaic and bastardised spoken French. The Anglo-Saxons referred to themselves as the Engle or the Angelcynn, originally names of the Angles. The Kingdom could trace its origins to the so-called Heptarchy.That is the rule of what would later become England by seven minor Kingdoms: East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, and Wessex. Within minutes of the announcement, 4-kingdoms had updated their Facebook page to communicate what would happen. Henceforth, the monarch could reign only at the will of Parliament. The Welsh language—derived from the British language, continued to be spoken by the majority of the population of Wales for at least another 500 years, and is still a majority language in parts of the country. During the reign of Æthelred the Unready (978–1016), a new wave of Danish invasions was orchestrated by Sweyn I of Denmark, culminating after a quarter-century of warfare in the Danish conquest of England in 1013. By Kirk McKeand, Friday, 1 May 2020 12:10 GMT Share on: Facebook Twitter Reddit. Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. The number of kingdoms and sub-kingdoms fluctuated rapidly as kings contended for supremacy. The country was divided between the Marcher Lords, who gave feudal allegiance to the crown, and the Principality of Wales. Anglerne har antagelig navn etter halvøya Angeln, som i dag er Danmark og Nord-Tyskland. Sussex, Essex and East Anglia fill the gap. That those in tier 4 would be emailed in the coming days and offered to rebook to next year or offered a refund. The Kingdom of England Listen i / ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ l ə n d / was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century—when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms—until 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.. The historiographical tradition of the 'seven kingdoms' is medieval, first recorded by Henry of Huntingdon in his Historia Anglorum (12th century);[2] the term Heptarchy dates to the 16th century. Britain c. AD 600 Political Divisions. Their successor, Elizabeth I, consolidated the new and increasingly Protestant Church of England. Its capital is London. Kent. We may have multiple downloads for few games when different versions are available. This is a later name given to the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England during the early Middle Ages. Each player assumes the role of a Lord in control of a Kingdom with up to twenty armies to command in an attempt to become Sole Ruler. We only help you find the best bargains by applying 4-kingdoms.co.uk discount codes. The Battle of Dun Nechtain was fought on Saturday 2nd March 685 AD and is one of the best recorded events in Dark Age Scotland. English also became the language of the law courts during this period. Favourited by 3 members. [14][15] These links were exploited for political purposes to unite the peoples of the kingdom, including the Anglo-Normans, by popularising Welsh legends. The Viking invasions shattered the pattern of the English kingdoms. The Kingdom of England is a faction in Europe 1200. Yet, as late as the reigns of Eadwig and Edgar (955–75), it was still possible to speak of separate kingdoms within the English population. 4 Kingdoms Adventure & Farm Park is a place to create memories for old and young alike. 4 Kingdoms DiscountsDeals & Offers for January 2021 end soon! During the Heptarchy, the most powerful king among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms might become acknowledged as Bretwalda, a high king over the other kings. Scotland, ruled from London since 1603, formally was joined with England and Wales in 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. By 1704, the Union of the Crowns was in crisis, with the Scottish Act of Security allowing for the Scottish Parliament to choose a different monarch, which could in turn lead to an independent foreign policy during a major European war. Soon after the Norman conquest of England, however, some Norman lords began to attack Wales. The last such, the County Palatine of Durham, did not lose this special status until the 19th century. The decline of Mercia allowed Wessex to become more powerful. The Seven Kingdoms imprinted a powerful folk memory on the people and survive to this day as counties or regions of England. England has remained in political unity ever since. The counties of England were established for administration by the Normans, in most cases based on earlier shires established by the Anglo-Saxons. Assassin’s Creed Valhalla Will Feature Stonehenge and the Four Kingdoms of England. The English Fitzwalter Case in 1670 ruled that barony by tenure had been discontinued for many years and any claims to a peerage on such basis, meaning a right to sit in the House of Lords, were not to be revived, nor any right of succession based on them. Barbara Yorke has written a nice summation of the current state of research into the origins of six of the seven kingdoms of the Heptarchy, the classic seven-kingdom division of England (defined as the land held by the Anglo-Saxons) in the Sixth through Eighth Centuries (the seventh, Sussex, is even more poorly documented than the others, and she treats it in the sections on Kent and Wessex). By 1588, her new navy was strong enough to defeat the Spanish Armada, which had sought to invade England to put a Catholic monarch on the throne in her place. The kings of Wessex became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during the 9th century. From this time the kingdom of England, as well as its successor state the United Kingdom, functioned in effect as a constitutional monarchy. [3], In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. In 1092, William II led an invasion of Strathclyde, a Celtic kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria. The county boundaries were fairly static between the 16th century Laws in Wales acts and the Local Government Act 1888. The kingdom of England emerged from the gradual unification of the early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdoms known as the Heptarchy: East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Wessex. After an experiment with a Nominated Assembly (Barebone's Parliament), the Grandees in the Army, through the Council of State imposed a new constitutional arrangement under a written constitution called the Instrument of Government. He was not, however, planning to absorb the Kingdom into the Duchy of Normandy. Harold and his army were in York following their victory against the Norwegians at the Battle of Stamford Bridge (25 September 1066) when the news reached him. by William D'Angelo, posted on 01 May 2020 / 1,767 Views. Some outlying counties were from time to time accorded palatine status with some military and central government functions vested in a local noble or bishop. The peace lasted until the death of the childless Edward in January 1066. Roberts, Clayton, F. David Roberts, and Douglas Bisson. As a mere duke, William owed allegiance to Philip I of France, whereas in the independent Kingdom of England he could rule without interference. He was crowned on 25 December 1066 in Westminster Abbey, London. Click for screenshots, downloads, cheats and more info! The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England. [citation needed], By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. During the Hundred Years' War an English identity began to develop in place of the previous division between the Norman lords and their Anglo-Saxon subjects. 4 Kingdoms Adventure & Farm Park is a place to create memories for old and young alike. Fred3663. The minor kingdoms in time coalesced into the seven famous kingdoms known as the Heptarchy: East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex and Wessex. Up until the Norman conquest of England, Wales had remained for the most part independent of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, although some Welsh kings did sometimes acknowledge the Bretwalda. At the same time the Council of Wales was created in 1472, a Council of the North was set up for the northern counties of England. Download Kingdoms of England Amiga. [citation needed]. What still remains future is the second phase of the fourth kingdom, or the revived Roman Empire. The power of the feudal barons to control their landholding was considerably weakened in 1290 by the statute of Quia Emptores. The English lands were unified in the 10th century in a reconquest completed by King Æthelstan in A.D. 927. He created the title Prince of Wales for his heir, the future Edward II, in 1301. The Kingdom of Ireland joined in 1801, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Anglo-Saxon England was an era marked by vicious bloodshed, religious fervour, and warring kingdoms. During the 1530s, Henry VIII overthrew the power of the Roman Catholic Church within the kingdom, replacing the pope as head of the English Church and seizing the Church's lands, thereby facilitating the creation of a variation of Catholicism that became more Protestant over time. Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, an attempt by James II to reintroduce Roman Catholicism—a century after its suppression by the Tudors—led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which he was deposed by Parliament. There were many groups of Saxons, Angles and Jutes. In 1922, the Irish Free State seceded from the Kingdom, resulting in it being renamed the United … The end of these wars found the throne held by the descendant of an initially illegitimate member of the House of Lancaster, married to the eldest daughter of the House of York: Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The Kingdom of England was a historic country in Western Europe. oh, can you ever! The principal four kingdoms were Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex (land of the West Saxons), and East Anglia. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda (Anglo-Saxon… This had the effect of aligning England with Scotland, which also gradually adopted a Protestant religion, whereas the most important continental powers, France and Spain, remained Roman Catholic. Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England, and henceforth was represented in the Parliament of England. The first three kingdoms and the first phase of the fourth kingdom are all past. Although all of England was divided into shires by the time of the Norman conquest, some counties were formed considerably later, up to the 16th century. In England, the kings of Wessex gradually became kings of England, and after the Norman Invasion, Wales, and eventually Scotland was added. The story of the Vikings in Britain is one of conquest, expulsion, extortion and reconquest. It’s cultural ties are thought to have been more strong with Welsh and Irish kingdoms than with other English ones, perhaps the old Celt link. The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. [citation needed], Kingdom of Wessex (Arms of Edward the Confessor), Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Cultural Change and Social Organisation in Early Anglo-Saxon England", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heptarchy&oldid=999893736, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 13:50. [citation needed], The decline of the Heptarchy and the eventual emergence of the kingdom of England was a drawn-out process, taking place over the course of the 9th to 10th centuries. With over 21 play zones and events held all year we pride ourselves on being a family-friendly safe environment. Securing the same succession in Scotland became the primary object of English strategic thinking towards Scotland. by Æthelweard Latinized Anglia, from an original Anglia vetus, the purported homeland of the Angles (called Angulus by Bede). The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished, and so the House of Commons became a unitary legislative chamber with a new body, the Council of State becoming the executive. Cromwell nominated his son Richard who became Lord Protector on the death of Oliver on 3 September 1658. Final fall of the old British Kingdoms of the South-East. His brother-in-law was crowned King Harold, but his cousin William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, immediately claimed the throne for himself. The Viking invasions of the 9th century upset the balance of power between the English kingdoms, and native Anglo-Saxon life in general. 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