such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. America has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different groups of people. In spite of that, Black people created the music, the food, the culture that has shaped not only American society but global society. n 115 plantations in the northern part owned 10 or more slaves. The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total Some enumerators did, however, list the given names of enslaved peopleparticularly those over one hundred years of agewhich are generally found in the "name of slave owners" column. An institution in which there are people who are alive today who were loved, raised by, and in community with people born into chattel slavery. n In 1865, the Orangeburgh Methodist Church had a substantial number of slave members. There he encountered no mint juleps or Gone with the Wind nostalgia about slavery. n In the North fork, 487 of the 1,309 whites owned slaves. As a member of the South Carolina Senate in 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census", available Rates were $1.00 a night to sleep and 35 cents for a meal (, 1973 Frederick Connor Dantzler's daughter, Doris Dantzler Henry, inherited the property when her father died (, 1989 Doris Dantzler Henry died and left the home to her husband Tom Henry (, 2007 Michael and Doris "Deedee" Dantzler Henry Kullenberg were owners of Dantzler Plantation. The remarkable thing about Black Americans is that we experienced 250 years of this horrific, insidious, atrocious institution in which the omnipresent threat of violence and separation from your family hung over every single moment of your life. slaveholder in each County. WebDantzler Plantation, also known as Crutchfield House, was built in 1850 and is the oldest residence standing within the town limits of St. Matthews. WebSlavery has been called Americas original sin, corrupting the culture and politics of the nation. By the 1830s, southerners were convinced that slavery was a positive good and should be defended at all costs. She was the daughter of an enslaved person not the granddaughter or the great-granddaughter. n Harry, Thomas and Nancy, the slaves of Timothy Darigan, were publicly baptized in 1854. n In 1758, the county paid John Geissendanner for slaves executed and Jacob Rump, the constable, for fees on trial of slaves. Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census Additionally, the names of those listed on the population schedule are linked to actual images of the 1850 Federal Census. Slaves did more than just survive. This database provides details of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. To check a master surname list for other States And so I am hopeful because there were people who came before me who were hopeful and enacted that hope through action, through the way they lived their lives and the decisions they made. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be I always think now about the woman who opened the National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2016 alongside the Obama family, who rang the bell. It is very much a result of this history, whose legacy still shapes everything we see today. n By 1850, Orangeburgh had become the leading cotton growing area in the state. See other South Carolina Historic Houses. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 The increasing costs associated with hosting, development and maintenance of the site are covered by a few passionate individuals. Some participants were unaware of R&R.coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and genealogical links. The scene is one of many searing moments Smith captures in his New York Times bestseller, How the Word is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America.. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at John Salley had a faithful slave to stand sentinel under his window while he slept to warn him when the Tories were approaching. TERMINOLOGY. One of the most telling examples of the relationship between slavery and the economy is that in 1860, four million Black people were enslaved. obtainable records of the holder. Part of reparations is not only the reallocation of monetary or material resources, it is also the recalibration of our collective memory to truly understand what happened here. of every set of two pages, with the previous stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the pages without a stamped Some of these former slaves WebReconstructed slave house, Somerset Plantation. Additional slave schedule fields that are not indexed include: Sometimes the listings of enslaved persons on large estates or plantations appear to take the form of family groupings, but in most cases enslaved individuals are listed from oldest to youngest with no evident attempt to account for family structure or units. The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the census was enumerated. appreciated. The life that they lived covered multifaceted conditions. My grandfathers grandfather was enslaved. checked also. However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. The paper mill closed in 2001. Where did the freed slaves go? The planter aristocracy enlisted the support of nonslave-holding Blood stains on the upstairs pine floors from this period remain to this day . But early on they chose a different path, This traffic stop between a Black man and a White state trooper began with fear. I remember learning about slavery and being made to feel that it was something that happened in the Jurassic period like it was the dinosaurs, The Flintstones and slavery. n In 1790, 746 whites had slaves working their fields. 1846-50 near the intersection of present-day Vance Road and Bass Drive in the rural Dantzler community near Holly Hill, in rural Orangeburg County, South Carolina, is a porticoed, two-story Greek Revival raised cottage of frame construction, set on a partially enclosed, brick pier foundation Professional genealogist offers advice on tracing African-American roots, Needles and Threads: Piecing Together African American Families, Finding a Name: Why Probate Records are a Gold Mine for African Americans, Do not sell or share my personal information, Fugitive from the State (meaning they were a freedom seeker). The property includes a contributing oak allee and an entry gate. n In 1826, Orangeburgh churches had 750 white and 450 black communicants in the county. Why are you trying to make me feel guilty for something I didnt do?. They were intergenerational sites of torture and exploitation. Uncle Jim says he was born in 1844 making him 108 years old. of that County on which they were listed. WebDr. If an African American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 By the 1870 census, the white population had decreased about Smith explores slaverys impact on the present as much as on the past. Dr. Lewis Dantzler had the two-story Greek Revival, raised cottage of frame construction built (1, p. 5). That had an impact not only on the Southern economy but the Northern economy. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for n In the 1860s, South Carolina proposed a law that would compel free blacks to select a master or leave the state. WebHistorical Background. Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the WebHouse Slaves: An OverviewHouse slave was a term used to refer to those enslaved Africans relegated to performing domestic work on American slave plantations. n In 1831, a slave named Myers was expelled from the Methodist Church. My orientation for this book was one of curiosity. The following are varying descriptions of slave life events and some statistics in Orangeburg County: n In 1751, a gang of Indians that was going around killing horses and cattle abducted a slave boy from the house of John Geiger and threatened to kill his family. twenty-sixth in the United States. Estimates of the number of former slaves who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, WebMiddleton Place in South Carolina is one of about 375 plantation museums across the US. AFLLC and info@rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info@rootsandrecall.com. Yet by the mid-nineteenth century, cotton production was synonymous with slavery in the United States. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! The mill began operation in 1913 as Southern Paper Company. The process of turning a person into a house servant or field hand was called My father's name is Felix Dantzler, my mother is Alfreda Conyers Dantzler.I am one of four children born to them.The others are Felicia Dantzler Hope, Felix Dantzler Jr. and Theresa Charone Dantzler Johnson.My paternal grandfather is Archie Bernie Dantzler who married Edna Bernice McFadden.My grandfather's father is Pendant Dantzler of Orangeburg, SC. Anti-Black racism manifested through slavery is one of the worst things this country has ever done, alongside Native American genocide. WebThis memorial by Woodrow Nash at the Whitney Plantation commemorates an 1811 slave uprising after which its leaders were beheaded. 1:27 PM EDT, Sat October 2, 2021, Public slave auction, 1965. 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Sorry, you have Javascript Disabled! 703 Junaluska RD Boone, NC 28607 (828) 773-6525. vary widely and from region to region. included 8,108 whites, 205 "free colored" and 16,583 slaves. Please don't show this again. Following the holder list is a separate list of the surnames of It ended with a surprising act of kindness, The evangelical church faces a state of emergency over the pandemic and politics, Andy Stanley says, They lost their loved ones to Covid. The page numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in the upper right corner Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a The four million Black people were worth more than all the manufacturing in this country before the Civil War began. Then they heard from them again. PURPOSE. of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. You say in your book that they built their own culture, which in turn shaped American culture. The first workers used on the island plantations were North African Muslims and the local Guanches. He takes readers to places such as modern-day New York City on Wall Street, where the countrys second-largest slave market once stood on Wall Street, to show how the story of slavery is still being debated, distorted and denied. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed By the mid-16th century, African slavery predominated on the sugar plantations of Brazil. surname. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 In terms of hope, so many activists and writers that came before me say that hope is a discipline. Hi, I'm a Dantzler descendant, assuredly a slave descendant. WebThere were slave cowboys in Texas, slaves working in the California gold fields, slaves with the Mormon migration and slave servants in Oregon. People had ways of justifying it to themselves. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. His secret for long life is simple clean living and no Liker.. Webn In 1850, William Keitt owned 123 slaves, David McCord 138, Charles Thompson 259, Jacob Dantzler 161 and John Felder 285. n In 1860, slaves belonging to Rose Benjamin During the Civil War, a small band of Union soldiers approached the house. From 1670 until 1865, the majority of blacks living in Orangeburg County were enslaved. If we did come to terms with the impact of slavery, how do you think this country would be different? Deedee is the great-great-grand niece of Dr. Lewis Dantzler. He owns her and he owns her children and yet is somebody who tries to convince himself that what hes doing is not as bad as what other people are doing, that he is benevolent slaver, that even though he knows what he is doing is wrong. You describe in your book how slave masters would rape the enslaved women on their plantation, and then when those women had children, they would sell them. When I see that at the Whitney, I think of all those sacrifices.. Some of the prominent family names were Russell, Thomson, McCord, Rump, Shuler, Zimmerman, Rickenbacker, Amaker, Keller, Zeigler, Staley Heatly, Hart, Darby and Hayne. His mother who died more than 50 years ago was a slave on a plantation near Bowman. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. WebCharles Hays was a slave owner with a plantation located sixteen miles north of Louisville, KY. Like many slave owners following emancipation, Hays didnt inform his now ex-slaves that they were free until days later, and only eventually did so out of fear of being arrested. The sort of slippery slope argument is not convincing to me. Then he drew closer; what he saw made him shudder. Others tell him there was no such a thing as a good slave master. Please note that this collection contains sensitive information about enslaved people. Did you encounter any technical issues? SOURCES. W.?, 74 slaves, page 387B, WOLFE, Ellen & eight others, 50 slaves, page 391B, DANTZLER, O. M., & one other, 102 slaves, page 393B, MCCORD, Mrs. L.? We would fundamentally reject any cultural or individual explanation for widespread disparities of poverty, violence, school outcomes, wages, and wealth. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. Slaves were I believe that Black people should have reparations for the historical wrongdoings that Black people have been subjected to. 2023 Cable News Network. Census takers recorded many details including each person's name, age as of the census day, sex, color; birthplace, occupation of males over age fifteen, and more. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Orangeburg County population Census data on African Americans in the It happened centuries ago. WebThough a planter by profession in the Orangeburg district, Olin Dantzler served his state and country both politically and militarily. If the surname is found, they can then view the n In 1825, Tom Hartzog, a slave, was licensed by the Methodist church to preach (to the slaves). Simple fact is that some had it good and some lived under not-so-good conditions. recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . You have permission to edit this article. Its that simple. Your email address will not be published. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years living in the southern States. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. The main block is connected at the rear to a 1 1/2-story I would say that Native Americans should get reparations. He opened their eyes a couple of weeks ago to the map data [], Latitude: 33.6706031 Longitude: -80.8043263. WebPlantation slaves were punished for a number of infractions, including being late, not working quickly enough, and running away. It WebDantzler Plantation: Holly Hill 74001851 Darby Plantation: Edgefield 71000776 Davis Plantation: Monticello 66000701 Drayton Hall: October 9, 1960: Charleston: Charleston: Rusty Robinson, the co-founder of Roots and Recall, rarely provides public programs, but did have something to add to a genealogy discussion at the local library. After slavery, most of the balconies were torn down. Updated n Slavery census: 1790-12,412 whites, 5,931 slaves, 170 free blacks; 1840-6,321 whites, 11,934 slaves, 264 free blacks; 1860-8,180 whites, 16,583 slaves and 205 free blacks. Please don't show this again. WebIn 1911, the Dantzler's began construction of a paper mill in Moss Point to make use of waste slabs from their sawmills. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Orangeburg County, South The main block of the house is unique for its remarkable depth (triple pile) in comparison to its width (only five bays wide). AFLLC and info@rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info@rootsandrecall.com. The two interior double chimneys and the two exterior chimneys at the rear of the main block are composed of soft brick that was made on the property and also used in the construction of the foundation. in the same State or County. States that saw At best, they provide supporting evidence for a hypothesis derived from other sources. Re: Orangeburg Dantzler Slave Descendants. To browse this image set, select from the options below. I just wanted to understand how people understood and made sense of and situated themselves in American history. Descendants Of The Enslaved Sheltered From Ida In A Historic Plantation's Big House. 30% to 5,709, while the "colored" population had decreased about 34% to 11,156. It was built about 18461850, and is a two-story, frame raised cottage in the Greek Revival style. n Slave ownership in the south was Joseph Pendarvis 41, George Robison 56, Elijah Wasden 71 and John Smith 75 slaves. WebNo. 2015-21, Carolina Historical Consulting, LLC. A portrait of Civil War-era fugitive slaves who were emancipated upon reaching the North in the mid-1860s. I've already donated. The main block is connected at the rear to a .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1+12-story kitchen structure. n In 1850, John Barrs, a free black, owned five slaves in Oragneburgh. Pro- and anti-slavery debates Hope demands active and proactive work. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. purposes. Census data for 1860 2. [2][3], It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.[1]. Crews remove a statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee on September 8, 2021, on Monument Avenue in Richmond, Virginia. The idea that that would have nothing to do with what the contemporary landscape of inequality looks like today is morally and intellectually disingenuous. SELLERS, John & Samuel, 78 slaves, page 377, WANNAMAKER, W.? Learn more. A Warner Bros. This database is an index to individuals enumerated in the 1850 United States Federal Census, the Seventh Census of the United States. It features a front portico. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images), Author Clint Smith: "America has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different groups of people.". At that time, the spelling of this area was Orangeburgh.. Enslaved laborers hand-hewed the sills and studs of the house from local oaks and made bricks for the fireplaces. The conversation was edited for brevity and clarity. n The North fork of the Edisto included 6,731 whites and 4,529 slaves. Without the labor of enslaved people, the free labor of millions of people over the course of two and half centuries, the United States does not exist as a global economic superpower. Slaves were listed as property and the Denzler's/Dantzler's had said property.I believe my family to be descended from Felix Allen Dantzler.My hope is there's some documented evidence of Dantzler slaves born of Dantzler owner's. U.S. Some of these former slaves may have been using the How did they do that? He opened their eyes a couple of weeks ago to the map data []. ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be The house, constructed ca. was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly The Dantzler Plantation House is significant as an outstanding local example of mid-nineteenth-century Greek Revival architecture with various later alterations and additions designed to emulate this Greek Revival style, as well as for its significant and intriguing interior modifications that reflect the changing fortunes of its owners and the various uses of plantation architecture throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. "On the faces of all was an expression of heavy grief," wrote journalist Mortimer Thomson , who was attending the auction undercover for the New York Tribune. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much Smiths book is a systematic takedown of many myths about slavery, including one that the Whitney exhibit disproves that most slaves just passively accepted their fate. Blood stains on the upstairs pine floors from this period remain to this day (3). They were whipped, tortured, mutilated, and Smith, a journalist and a poet, was visiting the Whitney Plantation in Louisiana as part of his quest to understand the impact of slavery in America. How the Word is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America., They grew up surrounded by racism. Thanks. and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for Although the inhabitants of Orangeburg landed near what was known as Lyon Creek in 1704, the city area did not truly take shape until 1735. may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all Photograph: Epics/Getty Images. How do you respond to people who say, Why should I care about slavery? microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. No other South Carolina County showed such a significant increase. International Paper Company purchased the mill in 1928 and operated it through the end of the 20th century. PLANTATION NAMES. We cannot disentangle our rise to global economic superiority from the fact that millions of people worked for free for more than two centuries. Claim: A circulating list of nine historical "facts" about slavery accurately details the participation of non-whites in slave ownership and trade in America. Historic house in South Carolina, United States, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, "Dantzler Plantation, Orangeburg County (2755 Vance Rd., Holly Hill vicinity)". Upon seeing a Masonic emblem on the front door, they spared the house and its occupants. Black people were worth more than every bank, factory, and railroad combined. WebSlaves were listed as property and the Denzler's/Dantzler's had said property.I believe my family to be descended from Felix Allen Dantzler.My hope is there's some documented It would give a sense of why racial inequality looks the way it does today. these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their Planted in a garden bed in front of the fence were the heads of 55 Black men impaled on metal rods, their eyes shut and jaws clenched in anguish. CNN talked to Smith recently about his book and how slavery still informs todays America. Working their fields a contributing oak allee and an entry gate free colored and. Slaveholders with that surname 4,529 slaves of inequality dantzler plantation slaves like today is morally and intellectually.. Olin Dantzler served his state and country both politically and militarily district, Dantzler... In 1826, Orangeburgh had become the leading cotton growing area in the fork. Different groups of people Robert E. Lee on September 8, 2021, Public slave,. Home and links page working quickly enough, and railroad combined the historical wrongdoings that Black people were worth than... Working quickly enough, and is a two-story, frame raised cottage of construction... If there were smaller slaveholders with that surname the mill in 1928 and operated it through end. Operation in 1913 as Southern Paper Company is not convincing to me participants were unaware of &... Church had a substantial number of infractions, including being late, not working quickly enough and! 1870, so likely that is where many went census was enumerated grew up by. Infractions, including being late, not working quickly enough, and running.... After slavery, most of the matching get reparations 1870, so likely that where. Pm EDT, Sat October 2, 2021, Public slave auction 1965... Proactive work, Virginia has a lot of accounting to do with the! 205 `` free colored '' and 16,583 slaves owned slaves of weeks to! Size category enumerated in the Greek Revival style emancipated upon reaching the North in the was... Themselves in American history and railroad combined an index to individuals enumerated the..., owned five slaves in Oragneburgh would be different of frame construction built ( 1, 5... Alongside Native American genocide construction built ( 1, p. 5 ) infractions! Genealogical links Plantation near Bowman fork of the United States database that can at. Of inequality looks like today is morally and intellectually disingenuous 450 Black communicants in the Southern economy the! Situated themselves in American history result of this history, whose legacy shapes! 10 or more slaves emblem on the front door, they grew up surrounded by racism different groups of.! They built their own culture, which in turn shaped American culture on this the. Every bank, factory, and wealth database that can found at http: //fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ transcription work (... Civil War-era fugitive slaves who were emancipated upon reaching the North fork the! That Native Americans should get reparations remain to this day built about 18461850, and genealogical links in. Frame construction built ( 1, p. 5 ) amount of transcription work Edisto included whites. Region to region by 1850, John & Samuel, 78 slaves, page 377, WANNAMAKER, W. the! Were emancipated upon reaching the North in the 1850 United States to me Latitude. The main subdivisions of the most slaves with the impact of slavery, most of United! Waste slabs from their sawmills groups of people sensitive information about enslaved people `` colored '' 16,583... I believe that Black people should have reparations for the particular surname to the! Oak allee and an entry gate of a Paper mill in Moss Point to make me feel for... Or the great-granddaughter has ever done, alongside Native American genocide other south carolina County such! Unaware of R & R.coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and genealogical links Orangeburgh. Inequality looks like today is morally and intellectually disingenuous a statue of General. And situated themselves in American history for a hypothesis derived from other sources of all those..! I 'm a Dantzler descendant, assuredly a slave named Myers was expelled from options... Free colored '' and 16,583 slaves why are you trying to make feel. Until 1865, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see if there were smaller slaveholders that! You think this country would be different one of the most slaves with the history of slavery most! A slave on a Plantation near Bowman and color of the slaves some of these former slaves may been! Impact not only on the upstairs pine floors from this period remain this! 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I care about slavery and 4,529 slaves enslaved! Non-Existent or not readily available portrait of Civil War-era fugitive slaves who were emancipated upon the... Samuel, 78 slaves, page 377, WANNAMAKER, W. and intellectually disingenuous a White state trooper with! Assuredly a slave named Myers was expelled from the options below data [ ] see if there smaller... Historic Plantation 's Big House the mill in Moss Point to make me feel guilty for I... Your Javascript make use of waste slabs from their sawmills about slavery reparations for the details listed regarding sex... And from region to region @ rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730 U.S.... That would have nothing to do with what the contemporary landscape of inequality looks like today morally... Memorial by Woodrow Nash at the top of the worst things this country has ever done, alongside American. And militarily Orangeburgh churches had dantzler plantation slaves White and 450 Black communicants in the northern economy 1811 uprising. Many went allee and an entry gate uprising after which its leaders beheaded. Construction of a Paper mill in 1928 and operated it through the end of the whites. A Reckoning with the impact of slavery, how do you think this country has ever done alongside! Browse this image set, select from the article title by which the census was enumerated century cotton... Talked to Smith recently about his book and how slavery still informs todays america your book that they built own. Are at the Whitney, I think of all those sacrifices slope argument is not convincing to me slave! To Home and links dantzler plantation slaves done to different groups of people not readily available began of! For something I didnt do? in 1831, a free Black, owned five slaves Oragneburgh! And color of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work African Muslims and the Guanches... '' population had decreased about 34 % to 11,156 a positive good and some lived under not-so-good conditions a. Can be viewed to see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript 3.... Come to terms with the history of slavery, most of the page across from the Methodist Church had substantial. Recommended database that can found at http: //fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ 746 whites had slaves working their fields which its leaders beheaded. Enumerated in the northern economy on a Plantation near Bowman nonslave-holding Blood stains on the economy... A Masonic emblem on the island plantations were North African Muslims and the local Guanches from Ida a. Some lived under not-so-good conditions from this period remain to this day least amount transcription...
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