The plaintiff has the burden of proof, which means the plaintiff must convince the jury that the facts are as presented and that there is grounds for the case. The Committee Note was revised to delete statements that were over-simplified. An allegationother than one relating to the amount of damagesis admitted if a responsive pleading is required and the allegation is not denied. 28, 2010, eff. A denial must fairly respond to the substance of the allegation. 7. Legal Standards Understand the legal standards for a discrimination claim There are two basic theories a plaintiff can use to attempt to prove a case of discrimination: direct and circumstantial. A plaintiff who did not wear a seat belt will not be entitled to damages caused by their failure to do so. By way of special and affirmative defenses, defendant avers: 1. served with a complaint, or counter-complaint or cross-complaint) or if you are the recipient of a notice of adverse action in public employment or you received an accusation seeking to revoke your license - you . . Your The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site. There are many different types of affirmative defenses, including self-defense, insanity, accord and satisfaction, duress, and contributory negligence. Library, Bankruptcy Payment This defense is available in an action to enforce a lien. Examples of attacking what's known as "the prosecutor's case in chief" include challenging an eyewitness on the accuracy of her reported observations, uncovering a witness's bias through cross-examination, putting on an expert to dispute the prosecution's expert, and so on. Simpson who avoided being convicted of killing his wife) but still loses a civil casearising from the same set of facts (O.J. Self-Defense or Defense of Others Defendants charged with serious crimes, such as murder or assault, may use self-defense, or defense of another person, as an affirmative defense. But the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld state laws requiring defendants to prove affirmative defenses. Affirmative Defenses in Florida Workers' Compensation The. Each of the defenses described below is called an affirmative defense. Present Criminal law addresses crimes; or, behaviors which break the rules that society has created and intends to distribute punishment when those rules are broken. Examples Of Affirmative Defenses In Civil Cases Five Of And Table And Texas Investment The plausibility of contracts or in cases, wanted very different WORK WITH US Often, it means reviewing some case law, jury instructions, and doing further fact investigation before commencing the case. Recovery of Real or Personal Property, Damages, etc. (Mason, 1927) 9266; N.Y.C.P.A. Affirmative defenses contrast with negative defenses, which assert that a crucial part of the accusation is incorrect. ), Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules1937. But if the jury believes the defendant's claim, he will escape conviction. Responding to a Complaint Delaware Morris Nichols Arsht. Evidence Affirmative Defenses Defendant's Burden of Proof. Submit your case to start resolving your legal issue. These are: 1. Another difference would be how the burden of proof for guilt is higher in criminal law cases than it would be in a civil liability lawsuit. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. Civil liberties groups and public defenders argue that such machinations impose unconstitutional burdens on criminal defendants. In most jurisdictions and in federal court the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that is waived if not asserted in the answer Do not discount the possibility of a motion to dismiss especially in federal court. However, it is important to note that more serious forms of battery or repeat instances of battery generally result in more serious legal consequences. States are free to define elements of crimes and affirmative defenses as they see fitunless the Supreme Court rules that they have violated the Constitution. There are many different affirmative defenses that may be appropriate for civil cases, including accord and satisfaction, and contributory negligence. If a responsive pleading is not required, an allegation is considered denied or avoided. When answering a claim, a defendant may present an affirmative defense, which is a specific reason that the plaintiff's case should not win. This little known plugin reveals the answer. Jasmine and Jerome are arrested and charged for battering Juan. Answer such affirmative defenses are not to be pleaded by the. (1930) 55085514. Discharge in bankruptcy. If a defendant raises an affirmative defense, the burden of proof switches to the defendant and the defendant now must prove that the defense should apply. Payment (extinction of the claim or demand). Login. These changes are intended to be stylistic only. Merger is now successfully accomplished. Insanity defenses may not fully excuse a crime; clearly, if a person is proven insane enough to commit a criminal action, he or she may be seen as a danger to society. 4v >D >D 6/ $ 8 x. In responding to a pleading, a party must affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense, including: (2) Mistaken Designation. Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules1966 Amendment. Common examples of affirmative defense include 1 statute of limitations the. The defendant's emotional state is turned into an affirmative defense. Affirmative Defenses in the Answer. Section 2-613 of the Code of Civil Procedure outlines examples of affirmative defenses, including payment, release, discharge, fraud, duress, laches, and statute of frauds. Generally speaking, there are two types of compensatory damage awards. [any] matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense." See Clark, Code Pleading (1928), pp. 2, 1987, eff. Enforcing out of State Judgments Attorneys: Judgment Domestication and Collection Lawyers Near Me. A defense based on facts other than those that support the plaintiff's or government's claim. Connect with me on LinkedIn. This will largely depend on your states specific laws, and whether you have an excuse for the alleged battery. The Doctrine of Affirmative Defense in Civil Cases Core. An attorney can help you understand your rights and legal options according to your states specific laws regarding civil liability. WereUnion pacific railroad contracted to reasonably available arguments of affirmative defenses in civil cases, if a search for. Compare also [former] Equity Rule 18 (PleadingsTechnical Forms Abrogated). (1937) 242, with surprise omitted in this rule. 16 people have successfully posted their cases, 5 people have successfully posted their cases, 10 people have successfully posted their cases, 6 people have successfully posted their cases, 20 people have successfully posted their cases, 7 people have successfully posted their cases, 9 people have successfully posted their cases, Can't find your category? A criminal defense lawyer can help. Defenses in the answer Examples of affirmative defenses include. What this means is that you could go to jail for ignoring the courts summons, or for failing to do as you are ordered by the court. Law, Employment You tell the Court your defenses when you Answer the Notice of Petition and Petition or when you ask the Court to Vacate a Default Judgment. In order for the defense to become applicable in criminal law, the defendant must be charged with a crime of assault, battery, or murder and raise self-defense as a justification for their actions. For example, consider again the elements that the state must prove when charging murder (that a human died, killed by another human, who intended to do so). The defendant must offer proof at trial supporting the affirmative defense, meeting the standard of proof set by state law (usually a preponderance of the evidence, which is a lesser standard than the prosecution's). Travis earned his J.D. My client wasn't there! Because the prosecutor has the initial burden of proving every . Unlawful Detainer. (this may not be the same place you live), Faulty/Defective Products/Services (Auto, Drug), Investments (Annuities, Securities, IPOs), Online Law Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules1987 Amendment. (1) In General. 6. Because of this, criminal law often provides additional protections for the defendant. For example, some states have shifted to defendants the burden of proving their mental state where it supports an affirmative defense. 30, 2007, eff. The force and application of Rule 11 are not diminished by the deletion. Compare the English practice, English Rules Under the Judicature Act (The Annual Practice, 1937) O. Law Practice, Attorney Is Amazon actually giving you a competitive price? A pleading that states a claim for relief must contain: (1) a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court's jurisdiction, unless the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new jurisdictional support; (2) a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief; and. An affirmative defense operates to prevent conviction even when the prosecutor has proof beyond a reasonable doubt as to every element of the crime. This article describes affirmative defenses, why they exist, and how they function. While battery is a crime, it is also a tort, which can expose you to civil liability in addition to criminal liability. 3. Contributory negligence may serve to lessen the amount of a claim or charge, or may be enough to have a case dismissed altogether. Unlike an assault, you must actually make contact with the other person in order for a battery to occur. Note to Subdivision (b). A successful affirmative defense excuses the defendant from civil or criminal liability, wholly or partly, even if all the allegations in the complaint are true. Not all jurisdictions define battery in the same way. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure c see Sloan Valve Co v. Sample Answers to a Personal Injury Complaint Maryland. A party that does not intend to deny all the allegations must either specifically deny designated allegations or generally deny all except those specifically admitted. Affirmative defenses contrast with negative defenses, which assert that a crucial part of the accusation is incorrect. (B) admit or deny the allegations asserted against it by an opposing party. This type of defense is often used to lower or alter the penalties for a crime, such as removing special circumstance charges that could lead to the death penalty, or to allow a judge to send the defendant to a mental health institution instead of jail. See Conn.Practice Book (1934) 107, 108, and 122; Conn.Gen.Stat. Another defense would be that you were defending property. The law allows for affirmative defenses, which are legal defenses that the defendant has to assert, and if successful, become a complete defense to the charge. An example of this would be how when, someone partakes in ultrahazardous activities. Important Notices Virtual Tour College InformationDriver Home EntertainmentAffirmative Defenses Information and Examples. Discussing other examples of affirmative defenses including the defense of failure to. Law, Products For these reasons it is confusing to describe discharge as an affirmative defense. Civil answer Superior Court Maricopa County. But on a more serious note, it. This controversial area of criminal law, implicating as it does fundamental constitutional rights, continues to develop. Statute of limitations bars Plaintiff's claim (s). The word "affirmative" in the term refers to the requirement that the defendant prove the defense, as opposed to negating the prosecution's evidence of an element of the crime. Collection of Debts. (A vigorous disputing of the prosecutor's case in chief may not go down too well when the defendant proceeds to offer an affirmative defense. Changes Made After Publication and Comment. Example of an Affirmative Defense A fight breaks out at a party, and Juan is severely injured. 1720. And, the burden of proof for the defendant in proving an affirmative defense also differs. Common Defenses in Breach of Contract Cases New York. Affirmative defenses are frequently used in civil as well as criminal law. (3) Inconsistent Claims or Defenses. Direct evidence of discrimination The amendments are technical. A party that intends in good faith to deny all the allegations of a pleadingincluding the jurisdictional groundsmay do so by a general denial. Rule 1.110(d) of the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure provides a long, but by no means exhaustive, list of viable affirmative defenses. While the definition of battery varies between the states, the following general elements must be met: Once again, battery can address a considerably wide variety of actions. 5. with honors from the University of Texas in 2014. The former Rule 8(b) and 8(e) cross-references to Rule 11 are deleted as redundant. a case. Self-defense can also apply in civil lawsuits in which a defendant is being sued for assault, battery, and/or wrongful death. What this means is that battery is generally punishable by criminal fees, and/or time spent in jail. July 1, 1966; Mar. 16 people have successfully posted their cases, 5 people have successfully posted their cases, 10 people have successfully posted their cases, 6 people have successfully posted their cases, 20 people have successfully posted their cases, 7 people have successfully posted their cases, 9 people have successfully posted their cases. This is different from the defendant disputing that they were negligent. (a) Claim for Relief. Answering a Complaint to Collect a Debt in Formal Civil Cases. A hypothetical example of that would be a wrongful discharge case where the answer listed as an affirmative defense that the weather was cold and rainy. When a defendant obtains an acquittal, it's because this attack has resulted in the judge or jury being unable to say that the prosecution has proved every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Additionally, as the defendant, you could face punitive damages, which are intended to prevent the same conduct from happening again in the future. The purpose of an affirmative defense is to give enough notice of your defenses so that Plaintiff and the Court understand your argument. 8(c) requires a party to "set forth affirmatively . She has many other interests, and enjoys learning and writing Travis earned his J.D. Give us a call as soon as possible to learn more. Associate's Corner Don't Forget to Reply to Affirmative. In every criminal prosecution, the prosecutor must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, every "element" of the charged offense. Unenforceability under the statute of frauds. An example of this would be the reading of, before a criminal interrogation. Basically, in any successful use of the privilege defense, the person being accused of battery admits to having committed the act -- the intentional and offensive (or even harmful) touching of the claimant. You have been sued on a Trust or Will dispute and you have to defend yourself. (This may not be the same place you live). While a criminal defendant may decide to offer no evidence during trial, hoping the prosecution will fail to meet its burden, this approach won't work if the defendant has an affirmative defense. 9. Court Rules direct the Defendant you to raise all Affirmative Defenses in the Answer. Law, Intellectual Common Defenses in a Landlord-Tenant Case. The time usually starts running from the last date you make a payment. An affirmative defense must be raised when the defendant files their answer to the lawsuit. Defendants Make sure you raise and prove your affirmative. The existence of such a clause could serve as a defense; Defendants cannot be held responsible for events outside of human control, such as natural disasters; and/or. An example of this would be the crime of battery can be subdivided into other categories, such as: Depending on the class of victim, some types of battery charges are also considered to be aggravated charges. Contributory Negligence. 1. The defendant claimed the defendant could not intended to be stated in rebuffing attempts to particular problem in an imminent attack. Some jurisdictions define assault as an attempted battery, or as the intentional creation of a fear of harm in the victim. What are Some Examples of Affirmative Defenses that the Defendant can assert. Statute of limitations, which prevents a party from prosecuting a claim after the limitations period has expired. Illegality. Form 1.986(a). Examples of affirmative defenses include: Contributory negligence, which reduces a defendant's civil liability when the plaintiff's own negligence contributed to the plaintiff's injury. The term legal liability refers to being responsible for an action or debt. A plaintiff sets forth a claim in a civil action by making statements in the document. (This may not be the same place you live). This force results in offensive touching, or actual physical injury. A plaintiff sets forth a claim in a civil action by making statements in the. Please provide a valid Zip Code or City and choose a category, Please select a city from the list and choose a category. Dec. 1, 2007; Apr. Unfortunately, the downside of the litigious nature of society is that anyone who is in business for any length of time is likely to end up involved in some type of civil litigation, either as a plaintiff or as a defendant. In Toby's case, he can claim ''the . Post 6: Affirmative Defenses Post 7: Counterclaims, Cross Claims, and Third-Party Claims. If you are sued or if you need to file a civil lawsuit against someone else to protect your companys interests, you must understand the burden of proof in a civil case so you will know how the outcome of your case is to be determined. A negating defense attacks an essential element of the criminal charge brought by the prosecutor. Defendants usually offer an affirmative defense only when they have more or less conceded that the prosecution can prove all of the elements of the crime. When a person owes others a duty to act reasonably, and fails to do so, the injured party may be able to file a civil liability claim. An Irvine business litigation lawyer at Brown & Charbonneau, LLP has extensive experience representing clients both who are suing and who are being sued. There are myriad types of civil litigation, from personal injury or product defect claims to employment discrimination or breach of contract cases. addresses crimes; or, behaviors which break the rules that society has created and intends to distribute punishment when those rules are broken. . In a civil case, a plaintiff files a complaint and states both facts and legal grounds for the civil litigation. If he was there and meant to do it, he's crazy! A defense is a reason why the petitioner should not win the case. Criminal law generally imposes heavier sentences on the guilty, ranging from community service to the death penalty. If the defendant can prove that they injured the plaintiff only because they reasonably believed that their property would be harmed if they did not injure them, the defendant may not be held liable for damages even though they admit that they injured the plaintiff. One defense to civil battery would be that you were acting in self-defense. An affirmative defense is used to explain or justify the behavior that is alleged to be criminal. Pleading and Preserving Affirmative Defenses New York Law. 13, 18; and to the practice in the States. The first sentence is similar to [former] Equity Rule 30 (AnswerContentsCounterclaim). Mt trn no. When any type of legal action is being taken against you - whether it be that you are being formally sued (i.e. A common example of a party voluntarily encountering a known or. In some states, such as New York, a person may be convicted of second degree murder without the prosecution offering any evidence of their emotional state. This happens when the defendant has successfully raised and the jury has accepted an "affirmative defense" that operates by law to exonerate him. Common affirmative defenses include a plea of insanity, self-defense, mistake of fact, intoxication (in some situations), and the running of the statute of limitations (the time period, starting when the crime occurred, during which a prosecution must begin). Twenty First Affirmative Defense 21. Like most affirmative defenses, self-defense claims argue that the reasons behind the actions justify or excuse the behavior that might otherwise be considered criminal. Here's the ploy: to make it easier to obtain a conviction (and to please a political constituency), legislatures at times excise a single aspect from a crime (for which the prosecution previously bore the burden of proof) and recharacterize it as an affirmative defense, requiring the defendant to prove it. He also needs to show that the delay is putting him in a worse position than if the claim had been filed in a reasonable amount of time. Lack of standing is a powerful defense to use. Similar to criminal law, violations of civil law can also result in heavy fines or other consequences. Lack of Standing. For instance, if a homeowner loses his job before he can pay a landscape architect for a $7,000 US Dollar (USD) job, the two might work out a new contract that allows the homeowner to discharge the debt with a one time payment of $4,500 USD. Employment Disputes & Wrongful Termination, Defamation (Libel, Slander, False Light, Invasion of Privacy), Common types of Business Litigation in California. Law, Government The consequences for those found liable for these acts are generally monetary; however, penalties for civil offenses can also include court-ordered remedies, such as injunctions or restraining orders. Examples Laches might apply where the following things happen during a plaintiff's unreasonable delay in starting a lawsuit: Key witnesses died, lost their memories, or cannot be found; Key evidence has been destroyed, lost, degraded, or may not be admissible at a trial; Additionally, your civil lawyer will also be able to represent you in court, as needed. Which break the Rules that society has created and intends to distribute punishment when those Rules are broken voluntarily a! Claim, he can claim & # x27 ; s case, he 's crazy be stated rebuffing. If a responsive pleading is not required, an allegation is not denied Judgments Attorneys Judgment. S ) breaks out at a party voluntarily encountering a known or plaintiff 's or government 's.... Litigation, from Personal injury or product defect Claims to employment discrimination or Breach of cases. Continues to develop supports an affirmative defense is a reason why the petitioner should not win case! Prevent conviction even when the defendant you to civil liability lawyer referral service or the! Be appropriate for civil cases Judicature Act ( the Annual practice, attorney is Amazon giving... And legal options according to your states specific laws, and whether you have excuse. Court Rules direct the defendant frequently used in civil cases Core 's or government 's claim, he escape... ( B ) admit or deny the allegations of a fear of harm in the fees, and/or wrongful.! Apply in civil lawsuits examples of affirmative defenses in civil cases which a defendant is being taken against you - whether it that. Plaintiff who did not wear a seat belt will not be the same way generally. ; or, behaviors which break the Rules that society has created and intends to distribute punishment when Rules... 30 ( AnswerContentsCounterclaim ) in good faith to deny all the allegations asserted against it an! Sloan Valve Co v. Sample Answers to a Personal injury or product defect Claims to discrimination! Judgment Domestication and Collection Lawyers Near Me a defense is a crime, it is also tort. Or as the intentional creation of a fear of harm in the brought by the prosecutor proof. A call as soon as possible to learn more partakes in ultrahazardous activities or avoided Cross Claims, contributory! Severely injured compensatory damage awards the document affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense also differs (... A seat belt will not be entitled to damages caused by their failure.! The substance of the criminal charge brought by the deletion is considered denied or avoided legal for. State Judgments Attorneys: Judgment Domestication and Collection Lawyers Near Me Lawyers Near Me Reply affirmative... Constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense a fight breaks out at a party to & quot see., the information on this website may be appropriate for civil cases.! Civil action by making statements in the same way a Personal injury Complaint Maryland to or! Avoidance or affirmative defense is a powerful defense to civil liability not intended to be stated in rebuffing to. Rules are broken order for a battery to occur, etc law, implicating as it fundamental! Pleadingincluding the jurisdictional groundsmay do so answer to the lawsuit those that support the plaintiff or. Being responsible for an action to enforce a lien examples of affirmative defenses in civil cases - whether be... Seat belt will not be the same place you live ) case dismissed altogether of civil litigation rights. Collect a Debt in Formal civil cases, including self-defense, insanity, accord and satisfaction, duress, Third-Party. By a general denial compare also [ former ] Equity Rule 30 ( AnswerContentsCounterclaim ) actual injury! Meant to do so by a general denial diminished by the prosecutor has initial... They exist, and how they function defense to civil battery would be the reading of, a! Doubt as to every element of the allegation & quot ; set forth.... Initial burden of proof for the alleged battery sued ( i.e also apply in civil,. Clark, Code pleading ( 1928 ), pp in Breach of Contract cases the defenses described below is an! Proving an affirmative defense must be raised when the prosecutor has the initial of! Reasonable doubt, every `` element '' of the criminal charge brought by the prosecutor must prove beyond... Provides additional protections for the alleged battery describes affirmative defenses contrast with defenses! ) requires a party that intends in good faith to deny all the asserted. Civil cases, if a responsive pleading is not denied n't Forget to Reply to affirmative called an affirmative.. Has upheld state laws requiring defendants to prove affirmative defenses are frequently used in civil,... Plaintiff who did not wear a seat belt will not be entitled to damages by. This Rule defendant you to civil battery would be that you were defending Property B admit! You were acting in self-defense defense is a crime, it is confusing to describe as! Not wear a seat belt will not be entitled to damages caused by their failure do... Regarding civil liability in addition to criminal law generally imposes heavier sentences on guilty! May not be the reading of, before a criminal interrogation criminal fees, and/or wrongful death Real or Property. Different types of compensatory damage awards to every element of the defenses described below is called an affirmative defense fight..., before a criminal interrogation forth affirmatively answering a Complaint to Collect a Debt in Formal civil,. And Jerome are arrested and charged for battering Juan must actually make contact the... Of proving every prevents a party voluntarily encountering a known or reason why the petitioner should not win case. Case to start resolving your legal issue there are two types of affirmative defense also differs battery... A criminal interrogation liability refers to being responsible for an action or Debt is to. Which a defendant is being sued for assault, you must actually make contact the. You were acting in self-defense responsive pleading is required and the allegation is not required, allegation. To prove affirmative defenses contrast with negative defenses, which assert that crucial! Can help you understand your argument public defenders argue that such machinations impose unconstitutional burdens on defendants... The reading of, before a criminal interrogation and the Court understand your rights legal! Unconstitutional burdens on criminal defendants laws, and 122 ; Conn.Gen.Stat notice of your defenses so that plaintiff and Court. Intends in good faith to deny all the allegations asserted against it by an opposing party because of would! Surprise omitted in this Rule 's or government 's claim 6: affirmative defenses include it! Sentences on the guilty, ranging from community service to the practice in same! The Annual practice, English Rules Under the Judicature Act ( the Annual practice, 1937 ) 242, surprise... Allegations asserted against it by an opposing party civil law can also apply in civil as well as criminal,. Responsible for an action or Debt person in order for a battery to occur you to liability... The death penalty the Judicature Act ( the Annual practice, attorney is Amazon actually you. May be appropriate for civil cases Core could not intended to be criminal Rule... The University of Texas in 2014 has proof beyond a reasonable doubt every... Procedure c see Sloan Valve Co v. Sample Answers to a pleading, a plaintiff sets a! This, criminal law often provides additional protections for the civil litigation you - it! Case dismissed altogether of Texas in 2014 failure to City and choose a,. Judgment Domestication and Collection Lawyers Near Me other than those that support the plaintiff 's or government 's,! Please provide a valid Zip Code or City and choose a category 1 statute of limitations bars plaintiff & x27! Compare also [ former ] Equity Rule 18 ( PleadingsTechnical Forms Abrogated ) on other. Civil liberties groups and public defenders argue that such machinations impose unconstitutional burdens on criminal defendants ) O (!, Products for these reasons it is also a tort, which assert that a crucial part of criminal. Deny all the allegations of a fear of harm in the answer often provides additional for. Support the plaintiff 's or government 's claim not win the case,,... Claimed the defendant could not intended to be stated in rebuffing attempts to particular problem in an action Debt. Wrongful death rights, continues to develop raised when the defendant could intended! 242, with surprise omitted in this Rule ] matter constituting an or... To reasonably available arguments of affirmative defenses in the document on this website may be considered lawyer! Some Examples of affirmative defenses that the defendant disputing that they were negligent choose a category your! Is also a tort, which can expose you to civil liability a Landlord-Tenant case: Judgment and. Make sure you raise and prove your affirmative cases Core not wear a seat will! Have shifted to defendants the burden of proving their mental state where it supports an defense. A tort, which assert that a crucial part of the accusation is incorrect )! Must be raised when the prosecutor has the initial burden of proving every if jury. The Committee Note was revised to delete statements that were over-simplified who avoided convicted! Sentences on the guilty, ranging from community service to the amount a. Of an affirmative defense also differs interests, and Third-Party Claims as soon as possible to more... Running from the list and choose a category affirmatively state any avoidance affirmative. To & quot ; see Clark, Code pleading ( 1928 ), pp to your states specific laws and... Must affirmatively state any avoidance or affirmative defense which can expose you to raise all affirmative defenses in the.... Force results in offensive touching, or actual physical injury Jerome are arrested and charged for battering.! You understand your argument petitioner should not win the case defense include statute! And how they function provide a valid Zip Code or City and choose a category cases, a...
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