The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. My mind is blank. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. Up until this time, the Japanese had captured island after island as they . Spruance became a shadowy sort of legend in the Navy. The Japanese had been battered for weeks by aerial bombardment, and knew the invasion was imminent. Provide at least two examples.Certain lessons in New Testament Survey, as well as outside sources, may be of help to you as you write your report. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. So he changed course northeastward, avoiding the first wave of dive bombers launched against him from Spruances carriers. Two minutes later, 37 dive bombers from Enterprise, led by Lt. Cmdr. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. 1, and he commanded her until 1914. President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Spruance for promotion to full admiral on February 10, 1944, and he was approved. A total of 1,132 enemy planes were put out of action. (. Commanded the first Japanese air strike against Midway Island at the beginning of the battle. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. On October 16, 1946, the former Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson, presented the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Admiral Spruance, with citation as follows: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, as Task Force Commander during the capture of the Marshall and Marianas Islands, rendered exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services from January to June 1944. United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. Admiral Nimitz praised Spruance for a remarkable job. Japanese Vice Admiral in command of the Japanese Carrier strike force based on the Aircraft Carrier IJN Akagi. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. In June 1942 the United States and Japan fought for control of Midway Island in the South Pacific. He served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Make sure to provide references and acknowledgement for any sources you use. Its commanding officers Admiral Yamaguchi and the ship's captain both stayed aboard their ship. Most historians consider Midway the turning point of the Pacific War.[1]. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. Spruance was calculating and cautious. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Hiryu class Japanese aircraft carrier that was the flagship of the second detachment of the carrier strike force. In January 1945, Spruance resumed command of the fleet and began moving against Iwo Jima. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. In August 1943 Spruance was placed in command of the Central Pacific Force, which, on April 29, 1944, was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. Admiral Spruance could have been right. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. He was in this post on June 4, 1942, when the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island in force. He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. Aboard the Japanese flattops, many torpedo-carrying planes were waiting for fighters to take off as the American planes dived. edward dean spruancegarberiel battery charger manual 26th February 2023 / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by / in what's happening in silsbee, tx today / by In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. Things did not look hopeful for Spruance and his force on the eve of Midway. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. The American offensive in the Pacific theater was now enjoying considerable momentum, aided in no small measure by Rear Adm. Marc Mitschers Task Force 58, the most powerful and destructive unit in the history of sea warfare. I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. His squadron successfully ambushed and sank 3 Japanese Aircraft Carriers, Lieutenant in command of the USS Hornet air group. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. This saw him win a victory at Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as part of the Allied "island-hopping" campaign across the Pacific. This was followed by an assault on Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944. He never did things the same way twice. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. Unites States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 16 on the USS Enterprise. Analyzing Information How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory Naval History and Heritage Command, "Biography of Raymond A. Spruance Press Release July 24, 1941, United States Navy Department", "Adm Spruance's Fitrep after Battle of Midway", Citation, Navy Cross, Raymond A. Spruance, "Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance America's Navy", "News Release: Navy Names Two New Guided Missile Destroyers", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942)", "War & Remembrance (Part 3) (May 26 July 25, 1942) 1988", Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 19411942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 19421944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 19441945, United States Ambassadors to the Philippines, Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_A._Spruance&oldid=1137739908, Ambassadors of the United States to the Philippines, High Commissioners of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army), Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States), Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Articles with dead external links from December 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 February 2023, at 05:43. Aircraft carrier that served as the flagship of Task Force 17 and Admiral Fletcher. society in the 1950s? C. The Roman Catholic Church developed in Constantinople. Weeks later . Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. After Rome fell, the bishop of Constantinople became the most pow He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i As the island-hopping campaign began, MacArthur continued his . Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. US Naval Task Force under Frank Fletcher with aircraft carrier Yorktown. In the footnote Morison says, Admiral Spruance, in commenting on the first draft of this volume, requested that I delete victor at and substitute who commanded a carrier task force at, butI have let it stand. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Spruance's fast carrier commander, Marc Mitscher, told his chief of staff Arleigh Burke: You and I have been in many battles, and we know there are always some mistakes. A number of strategic and tactical errors contributed to the Japanese defeat: Yamamotos virtual isolation on the bridge of Yamato and his failure to maintain an overall grip on the strategic situation; a loss of nerve on the part of Nagumo; tradition that led Yamaguchi and other enemy commanders to go down with their ships instead of trying to recover the initiative; insufficient reconnaissance against the U.S. carriers; a lack of high-altitude fighter cover; inadequate fire precautions aboard the ships; and the launching of airstrikes from all four fleet carriers at the same time, so that there was a critical period when the Japanese carrier force had little defensive capability. Historian Morison later described Spruances performance at Midway as superb. Spruance was about to face the sternest test in his long, distinguished career. He never smoked and drank little. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. His steady rise, according to Newsweek magazine, has borne the imprint of his personalityunobtrusive but undeviating. More to his liking was the study of foreign methods of naval fire control, which took him to London and Edinburgh. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. [9] On the other hand, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz knew he must intercept the Japanese invasion fleet, and that he must give battle to the enemy aircraft carriers before they could project their overwhelming power against the naval air station at Midway. erful leader. Admiral Spruance explained the U.S. victory at Midway in the following way. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earharts disappearance. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. His flagship was badly damaged by the Japanese and was hit by two torpedoes from a Japanese submarine before sinking. He was a diligent, neat and gentle boy. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Promoted to captain the following year, he departed to take the position of Chief of Staff and Aide to Commander Destroyers, Scouting Fleet in May 1933. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. Shortly after the Midway battle, Spruance became chief of staff to Admiral Nimitz, and in September 1942 was appointed as Deputy Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. A decisive victory, Spruance and Fletcher's actions at Midway helped turn the tide of the Pacific war in favor of the Allies. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. It was hit and shortly after destroyed by American dive bombers. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. It was a cool, clear day. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. ), honoris causa degree from Central Philippine University in 1955, an institution of higher learning founded by the American Baptist missionary, William Orison Valentine in 1905. catalogued as someone to watch; there was never any possibility that he would be passed over in the lists for promotion. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. HistoryLearning.com. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. He was modest and candid about himself. The Coral Sea fight was virtually a warm-up for the Battle of Midway, regarded later as the turning point of the war in the Pacific. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, and carried out temporary duty in London, England and Edinburgh, Scotland. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Hickman, Kennedy. He loved to show them to visitors. Retiring to Pebble Beach, CA, he died there on December 13, 1969. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. ThoughtCo. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. Ambassador to the Philippines in 1952-55. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. But several hours laternear the end of daylight hoursa U.S. scout plane located Hiry again. Meanwhile, the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands had been carried out as planned on June 3. Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. Japanese naval force tasked with the invasion of the Aleutian Islands under Vice Admiral Kakuta with aircraft carriers Junyo and Ryuho. Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. Terms of Use| Bombs destroyed the bridge of Kaga and set her ablaze from stem to stern. Hickman, Kennedy. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. The gloomy reports from Nagumo and his other commanders led Yamamoto to suspend his assault on Midway. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. He was survived by his wife and a daughter, Mrs. Gerald S. Bogart of Newport, R.I. His only son, Navy Captain Edward D. Spruance, who served for 30 years, was killed in a car accident in Marin County, Calif., in May 1969. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. Spruance launched an assault on February 16-17 against Truk, the Japanese Pearl Harbor, at the same time that Admiral Turners forces were attacking Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshalls, about 700 miles to the west. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. He was then 55. McClusky led one squadron, VB-6, against the carrier Kaga, while the other Enterprise squadron pounced on Nagumos flagship, Akagi. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. These plans proved moot when the war came to an abrupt end in early August with the use of the atom bomb. (2021, July 31). At Midway, dive bombers from the Enterprise crippled sank four larger carriers of the Imperial Japanese Navy. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. It was spotted by scouts from the USS Hornet and destroyed by planes from the Enterprise. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. However, an invasion was rendered unnecessary when the atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. 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