document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. This is My command: Love one another as I have loved you. Those accused of robbery were often tied to the crucifix and, because they could better support their weight with their arms, might survive for several days. By about noon Jesus heart probably began to fail. 39. Once the victim is secured, the guards lift the patibulum and place it on the stipes already in the ground. In the middle of the strips were metal balls that hit the skin, causing deep bruising. Anatomical, Physiological and Historical Aspects of the Crucifixion and Death of Jesus. 42. 5,Jesus knees were flexed at about 45 degrees, and He was forced to bear His weight with the muscles of His thigh, which is not an anatomical position which is possible to maintain for more than a few minutes without severe cramp in the muscles of the thigh and calf. 11. 6. 20. Please be aware that the following is of a realistic and graphic nature. 18 . Jesus was already very dehydrated, and His blood pressure fell alarmingly. The body of Jesus is now in extremes, and He can feel the chill of death creeping through His tissues. 9. The Anatomical And Physiological Details Of Death By Crucifixion:By Dr. C. Truman DavisA Physician Analyzes the Crucifixion.From New Wine Magazine, April 1982.Originally published in Arizona Medicine,March 1965, Arizona Medical Association.Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC.1. Eastman, Mark. The movie depicts the Passion of Jesus largely according to the New Testament Gospels. 23. 35. 13. If the nails were driven into the hand, the weight of the arms would cause the nail to rip through the soft flesh. It is the most painful death ever invented by man and is where we get our term "excruciating." 2. When the soldiers came to Jesus to break His legs, He was already dead. Again, the nail would cause severe nerve damage (it severs the dorsal pedal artery of the foot) and acute pain. 45,At this stage Jesus probably developed a Haemopericardium. (In humans, the sacrum (plural: sacrums or sacra) is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones.). A titulus, or small sign, stating the victims crime was usually placed on a staff, carried at the front of the procession from the prison, and later nailed to the cross so that it extended above the head. 9,In addition prophecy was fulfilled in Psalm 22:14, I am poured out like water, and all My bones are out of joint.. Jesus was in Heart Failure and Respiratory Failure. It is the most painful death ever invented by man and is where we get our term excruciating., 2. Discover how you can find peace with God. 1,It is the most painful death ever invented by man and is where we get our term excruciating., 2,It was reserved primarily for the most vicious of male criminals. This rising CO2 level stimulated His heart to beat faster in order to increase the delivery of oxygen, and the removal of CO2. 39. Then another agony begins -- a terrible crushing pain deep in the chest as the pericardium slowly fills with serum and begins to compress the heart. There is archeological evidence that it was on this type of cross that Jesus was crucified. Within minutes of crucifixion Jesus became severely dyspnoeic (short of breath). Though very rare, the phenomenon of Hematidrosis, or bloody sweat, is well documented. Civilizations and empires perfected the technique, leading to centuries of discussions, controversies, and questions, many of which concerned the death of Jesus Christ. Your email address will not be published. 18 It was a power that belonged to him and, from time to time, proceeded from him. (LogOut/ It was reserved primarily for the most vicious of male criminals. Vanguard News, Sports and Business from vanguard Newspapers His chest wall was permanently in a position of maximal respiratory inspiration. The Anatomical And Physiological Details Of Death By Crucifixion: 18. With one last surge of strength, he once again presses His torn feet against the nail, straightens His legs, takes a deeper breath, and utters His seventh and last cry, Father! Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The Anatomical And Physiological Details Of Death By Crucifixion: By Dr. C. Truman Davis A Physician Analyzes the Crucifixion. Throughout all this He was completely naked, and the leaders of the Jews, the crowds, and the thieves on both sides of Him were jeering, swearing and laughing at Him. 1. In doing this, it is reported that blood and water came out (John 19:34), referring to the watery fluid surrounding the heart and lungs. This lesson enables me to participate in communion, the remembrance of His sacrifice, with a grateful heart. It was then, in response to the cries of the mob, that Pilate ordered Bar-Abbas released and condemned Jesus to scourging and crucifixion. The physiological responses the body undergoes when hanging from the wood are beyond what most of us even realizeand the results are more than grim. In addition, because of His restricted respiratory movements, His blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level began to rise, a condition known as Hypercapnia. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. He is a practicing [] Jesus lungs probably began to fill up with Pulmonary Oedema. 2006 Apr;99(4):185-8. doi: 10.1177/014107680609900416. Probably originating with the Assyrians and Babylonians, it was used systematically by the Persians in the 6th century BC. 54,Jesus died after six hours of the most excruciating and terrifying torture ever invented. p 5-173. (Haemopericardium refers to blood in the pericardial sac of the heart.). 11. From New Wine Magazine, April 1982. 6. Minutes later Jesus elbows and wrists became dislocated. Jesus's cause of death was crucifixion. Change). Please check your information and try again or call us at 1-800-759-0700. CBN's ministry is made possible by the support of our CBN Partners. The agonising movements spontaneously started several times a minute, to the delight of the crowd who jeered Him, the Roman soldiers, and the Sanhedrin. . It is also a tribute to all my Christian friends and brethren. It would serve us to contemplate what Christ actually endured to redeem and justify the lost. Crucifixion is likely the most painful death ever invented and is where we get our term "excruciating." The Roman Senator Cicero called it "a most cruel and disgusting punishment." The crucified victim was physiologically forced to move up and down the cross, a distance of about 12 inches, in order to breathe. There are many theories how someone who is crucified dies. How Jesus Died For You Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. 8,The result of these upper limb dislocations is that His arms were 9 inches longer than normal, as clearly shown on the Shroud. Crucifixion was a widely used form of execution for capital crimes in antiquity. The half-fainting Jesus is then untied and allowed to slump to the stone pavement, wet with His own blood. Pilate had Jesus flogged and then sent to Herod, who sent . The rest you know. His lungs were in a resting position of constant maximum inspiration. He says, And being in agony, He prayed the longer. Jesus Christ was executed by crucifixion. An official website of the United States government. 55. 24. The crucifixion of Jesus: review of hypothesized mechanisms of death and implications of shock and trauma-induced coagulopathy. Simon is ordered to place the patibulum on the ground and Jesus quickly thrown backward with His shoulders against the wood. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. There is no consensus among historians on the details. Originally published in the Spring '02 issue of APU Life. Get FREE "He Cares for You" teaching sheet, Build up your faith as you meditate on inspiring Scripture verses of how much God loves you, "It's not what goes into your body that defiles you; you are defiled by what comes from your heart. Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. This condition results from mental anguish or high anxiety, a state Jesus expresses by praying my soul is deeply grieved to the point of death (Matthew 26:38). When the Romans wanted to expedite death they would simply break the legs of the victim, causing the victim to suffocate in a matter of minutes. 3. Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. The Sanhedrin was comprised of 70 men, plus the high priest, who served as its president. It was undoubtedly during these periods that He uttered the seven short sentences recorded: The first, looking down at the Roman soldiers throwing dice for His seamless garment, Father, forgive them for they know not what they do., The second, to the penitent thief, Today thou shalt be with me in Paradise., The third, looking down at the terrified, grief-stricken adolescent John the beloved Apostle he said, Behold thy mother. Then, looking to His mother Mary, Woman behold thy son., The fourth cry is from the beginning of the 22nd Psalm, My God, my God, why has thou forsaken me?, Jesus experienced hours of limitless pain, cycles of twisting, joint-rending cramps, intermittent partial asphyxiation, searing pain where tissue is torn from His lacerated back as He moves up and down against the rough timber. 8,The result of these upper limb dislocations is that His arms were 9 inches longer than normal, as clearly shown on the Shroud. The human body attempts to remedy imbalances such as decreased blood volume, so Jesus thirst is His bodys natural response to His suffering (John 19:28). They rip the robe off Jesus back and the bleeding starts afresh. 15. 1. Minutes later Jesus elbows and wrists became dislocated. In order to exhale, Jesus was physiologically required to force His body. 14,The problem was that Jesus could not easily push down on the nails in His feet because the muscles of His legs, bent at 45 degrees, were extremely fatigued, in severe cramp, and in an anatomically compromised position. (LogOut/ Design a site like this with WordPress.com. During His anxious prayer about the events to come, Jesus sweats drops of blood. 3. A great deal of effort could have been saved had the doubters consulted the medical literature. The victim would have no choice but to bear his weight on his chest. Originally published in Arizona Medicine, March 1965, Arizona Medical Association. 25. forced Him to continue in His efforts to breathe. Atop the patibulum lies a sign (the titulus), indicating that a formal trial occurred for a violation of the law. J R Soc Med. His movements up and down the Cross to breathe caused excruciating pain in His wrist, His feet, and His dislocated elbows and shoulders. His blood oxygen level began to fall, and He developed Hypoxia (low blood oxygen). Analogies: (1) Soldier: A soldier dives onto a grenade about to explode. Jesus apparently suffered no physical mistreatment at the hands of Herod and was returned to Pilate. It is the most painful death ever invented by 15,Unlike all Hollywood movies about the Crucifixion, the victim was extremely active. Jesus said, I thirst because His body was crying out for fluids. Before Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion. It finally occurred to me that, though a physician, I didnt even know the actual immediate cause of death. It is the most painful death ever invented by man and is where we get our term "excruciating . In antiquity crucifixion was considered one of the most brutal and shameful modes of death. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. Therefore, the upper body would not be held to the cross. It is the most painful death ever invented by man and is where we get our term excruciating., 2. 44. After the arrest in the middle of the night, Jesus was next brought before the Sanhedrin and Caiphus, the High Priest; it is here that the first physical trauma was inflicted. At three oclock in the afternoon Jesus said, Tetelastai, meaning, It is finished.. The Anatomical And Physiological Details Of Death By Crucifixion. Originally published in Arizona Medicine, March 1965, Arizona Medical Association. 24. 41,Jesus was in Heart Failure and Respiratory Failure. 20 The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The crucifixion and death of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely in 30 CE or 33 CE. Roman Catholic Books. Discover God's peace now. 19 In this case, it seemed to occur without overt participation by Jesus. I am indebted to many who have studied this subject in the past, and especially to a contemporary colleague, Dr. Pierre Barbet, a French surgeon who has done exhaustive historical and experimental research and has written extensively on the subject. Preparations for the scourging were carried out when the Prisoner was stripped of His clothing and His hands tied to a post above His head. 17,As the six hours of the Crucifixion wore on, Jesus was less and less able to bear His weight on His legs, as His thigh and calf muscles became increasingly exhausted. Resultant anoxaemia exaggerated hypovolaemic shock. 19. This realization brings out His sixth words, possibly little more than a tortured whisper, It is finished. His mission of atonement has completed. Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. MUST READ & SHARE!! Consequently, there has not been a clear consensus among physicians as to what physiological . Crucifixion is a medical catastrophe. 17. Within minutes of crucifixion Jesus became severely Dyspnoeic (short of breath). Click to reveal Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. "That can [kill in] 10 minutes to half an hour - it's just impossible to breathe under those conditions," Ward says. Without any historical or biblical proof, Medieval and Renaissance painters have given us our picture of Christ carrying the entire cross. lacerations following His beatings and falls. As they mock Him, the soldiers also belittle Jesus by spitting on Him (Matthew 27:30). As such, He is unable to carry the cross and Simon of Cyrene executes this task (Matthew 27:32). In order to exhale, Jesus was physiologically required to force His body. One remembers again the 22nd Psalm, the 14th verse: I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint; my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels.. A doctor at Calvary. His chest wall was permanently in a position of maximal respiratory inspiration. About a decade ago, reading Jim Bishops The Day Christ Died, I realized that I had for years taken the Crucifixion more or less for granted that I had grown callous to its horror by a too easy familiarity with the grim details and a too distant friendship with our Lord. His blood pressure was probably about 80/50. In order to breathe out, Jesus had to push down on the nails in His feet to raise His body, and allow His rib cage to move downwards and inwards to expire air from His lungs. Jesus physiological reflexes demanded that He took deeper breaths, and He involuntarily moved up and down the Cross much faster, despite the excruciating pain. The blood was a result of the Scourging that nearly killed Him, and the sweat as a result of His violent efforts to expire air from His lungs. His physical condition worsens. Jesus lower limb muscles developed excruciating cramp from the effort of pushing down on His legs, to raise His body, so that He could breathe out, in their anatomically compromised position. The heavy patibulum of the cross is tied across His shoulders, and the procession of the condemned Christ, two thieves, and the execution detail of Roman soldiers headed by a centurion begins its slow journey along the Via Dolorosa. 28. This was in fulfilment of Psalm 22:18, They divide My garments among them, and for My clothing they cast lots.. In addition prophecy was fulfilled in Psalm 22:14, I am poured out like water, and all My bones are out of joint.. Jesus must push up on His nailed feet (causing more pain) to exhale. Because of the increasing physiological demands on Jesus heart, and the advanced state of Haemopericardium, Jesus probably eventually sustained Cardiac Rupture. | (Photo: Reuters) Christ's crucifixion was an act of sheer brutality and barbarism, yet many people today still don't know the horrific details of the physical torture He suffered at the hands of Roman soldiers. As the six hours of the Crucifixion wore on, Jesus was less and less able to bear His weight on His legs, as His thigh and calf muscles became increasingly exhausted. There was increasing dislocation of His wrists, elbows and shoulders, and further elevation of His chest wall, making His breathing more and more difficult Originally published in Arizona Medicine, March 1965, Arizona Medical Association. y started several times a minute, to the delight of the crowd, 30,However, due to the nailing of Jesus to the Cross and His increasing exhaustion, He was unable to provide, 31,The twin forces of Hypoxia (too little oxygen) and Hypercapnia (too much CO2) caused His heart to beat faster and faster, and, 34,He was bleeding from all over His body following the Scourging, the crown of thorns, the nails in His wrists and feet, and. Abstract In antiquity crucifixion was considered one of the most brutal and shameful modes of death. The crucified victim was physiologically forced to move up and down the cross, a distance of about 12 inches, in order to breathe. The process of respiration caused excruciating pain, mixed with the absolute terror of asphyxiation. The legs of the two thieves were broken, but when the soldiers came to Jesus they saw that this was unnecessary. As 1 Corinthians 15:1-3 makes clear, the cross is the heart of the gospel: we are saved because of the cross, since Christ died for our sins. On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ. The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no.11 (1986): 1455-1463. God made it possible for you to know. 9. Crucifixion is a medical catastrophe. Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. Victims were nailed to a cross; however, Jesus cross was probably not the Latin cross, but rather a Tau cross (T). 2016 Jun;12(2):206-8. doi: 10.1007/s12024-016-9758-0. Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. Jesus is offered wine mixed with myrrh, a mild analgesic mixture. Jesus weight was borne on His feet, with nails driven through them. Originally published in Arizona Medicine, March 1965, Arizona Medical Association. 1,It is the most painful death ever invented by man and is where we get our term "excruciating." 2,It was reserved primarily for the most vicious of male criminals. Crucifixion was invented by the Persians in 300 BC, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC. Seven-inch nails would be driven through the wrists so that the bones there could support the body's weight. 16. Google Scholar. With that in mind, it is clear just how much He suffered: If this torture could break a man in such good shape, it must have been a horrific experience. As the strength of the muscles of Jesus lower limbs tired, the weight of His body had to be transferred to His wrists, His arms, and His shoulders. 39,Jesus lungs probably began to fill up with Pulmonary Oedema. The Passion Of The Christ 2004 from on Vimeo. Physiologically, Jesus body was undergoing a series of catastrophic and terminal events. In order to exhale, Jesus was physiologically required to force His body. The Anatomical And Physiological Details Of Death By Crucifixion: By Dr. C. Truman Davis A Physician Analyzes the Crucifixion. The twin forces of Hypoxia (too little oxygen) and Hypercapnia (too much CO2) caused His heart to beat faster and faster, and Jesus developed Tachycardia. These are 44 details about the method of execution known as crucifixion. From New Wine Magazine, April 1982. Then, as the blows continue, they cut deeper into the subcutaneous tissues, producing first an oozing of blood from the capillaries and veins of the skin, and finally spurting arterial bleeding from vessels in the underlying muscles. His chest wall was. It was virtually never used in pre-Hellenic Greece. If placed in the wrist, the bones in the lower portion of the hand support the weight of the arms and the body remains nailed to the cross. 4. These traction forces caused His rib cage to be pulled upwards and outwards, in a most unnatural state. A number of Roman authors (Livy, Cicer, Tacitus) comment on crucifixion, and several innovations, modifications, and variations are described in the ancient literature. 32,Jesus heart beat faster and faster, and His pulse rate was probably about 220 beats/ minute, the maximum normally sustainable. 2005 Jun-Aug;24(3-4):132-47. doi: 10.1016/j.main.2005.06.002. History, methods and cause of death. It is highly likely that Jesus feet were nailed through the tops as often pictured. At this point, as the arms fatigue, great waves of cramps sweep over the muscles, knotting them in deep, relentless, throbbing pain. At that moment, He gave up His Spirit, and He died. As the six hours of the Crucifixion wore on, Jesus was less and less able to bear His weight on His legs, as His thigh and calf muscles became increasingly exhausted. The movements became less frequent as Jesus became increasingly exhausted, but the terror of imminent death by asphyxiation forced Him to continue in His efforts to breathe. Living the Christian life is a journey. After Jesus wrists, elbows, and shoulders were dislocated, the weight of His body on his upper limbs caused traction forces on the Pectoralis Major muscles of His chest wall. The most common form used in our Lords day, however, was the Tau cross, shaped like our T. In this cross, the patibulum was placed in a notch at the top of the stipes. The Respiratory Centre in Jesus brain sent urgent messages to his lungs to breathe faster, and Jesus began to pant. He was bleeding from all over His body following the Scourging, the crown of thorns, the nails in His wrists and feet, and the lacerations following His beatings and falls. (LogOut/ Porus The agonising movements spontaneously started several times a minute, to the delight of the crowd who jeered Him, the Roman soldiers, and the Sanhedrin. I am sharing the same with you over here, please see it at your free time and will as this is the full length movie. Once the victim is secured, the guards lift the patibulum and place it on the stipes already in the ground. Is unable to carry the cross and simon of Cyrene executes this (. Faster in order to exhale, Jesus heart, and His blood oxygen ) in... Loved You there has not been a clear consensus among historians on the already... Jesus heart beat faster and faster, and perfected by the Romans in 100 BC meaning, was! Prayed the longer command: Love one another as I have loved You on... And then sent to Herod, who served as its president His.. 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The legs of the Christ 2004 from on Vimeo and brethren American Association. To break His legs, He gave up His Spirit, and perfected by the Persians in BC. Respiratory Failure ; 12 ( 2 ):206-8. doi: 10.1007/s12024-016-9758-0 was unnecessary Judea most! # x27 ; s cause of death creeping through His tissues, with nails through! Was on this type of cross that Jesus feet were nailed through the tops often. The Journal of the increasing Physiological demands on Jesus heart probably began to fill up with Pulmonary Oedema from to... Your Details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your Twitter account or an... X27 ; s cause of death by crucifixion: by Dr. C. Truman Davis Physician... Click to reveal Change ), indicating that a formal trial occurred for a of! Another as I have loved You such, He is a practicing [ ] Jesus probably! Force His body 15, Unlike all Hollywood movies about the crucifixion and death Jesus. Most vicious of male criminals Arizona Medicine, March 1965, Arizona Medical Association on type... Exhale, Jesus was physiologically required to force His body probably began to fill with...: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account nailed through the tops as often.... In His efforts to breathe faster, and perfected by the Romans in BC! 27:30 ) the body of Jesus largely according to the cross and simon of Cyrene executes task! A tribute to all My Christian friends and brethren in crucifixion out for fluids the increasing Physiological demands Jesus! I thirst because His body began to fill up with Pulmonary Oedema CO2 level stimulated His heart to faster! Term & quot ; excruciating 2004 from on Vimeo pavement, wet with His against! Position of constant maximum inspiration didnt even know the actual immediate cause of death crucifixion Jesus became severely (! 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On the ground, indicating that a formal trial occurred for a violation of the 2004! Of CO2 of Hematidrosis, or bloody sweat, is well documented would cause the would... Among them, and His pulse rate was probably about 220 beats/ minute, upper...:132-47. doi: 10.1016/j.main.2005.06.002 sweats drops of the anatomical and physiological details of death by crucifixion hypothesized mechanisms of death was crucifixion very,. Jesus said, I didnt even know the actual immediate cause of.!, the phenomenon of Hematidrosis, or bloody sweat, is well documented the New Gospels... Doing when this page came up and the advanced state of Haemopericardium Jesus... Following is of a realistic and graphic nature come, Jesus was very. Seven-Inch nails would be driven through them of respiration caused excruciating pain mixed... Through them broken, but when the soldiers also belittle Jesus by spitting on (! But to bear His weight on His chest wall was permanently in a of! At that moment, He gave up His Spirit, and perfected by support... A tribute to all My Christian friends and brethren, Unlike all movies! Lift the patibulum on the stipes already in the ground and Jesus thrown. The most painful death ever invented by the Romans in 100 BC used form of execution known as.. The ground 44 Details about the crucifixion and death of Jesus a clear consensus among historians on the and. Exhale, Jesus body was crying out for fluids New Testament Gospels Health and Human Services ( )... Crucifixion: by Dr. C. Truman Davis a Physician Analyzes the crucifixion used systematically by the Romans in 100.... ( 1986 ): 1455-1463 ( the titulus ), indicating that a trial! Of this page causing deep bruising was borne on His feet, nails. With nails driven through the wrists so that the bones there could support the body weight! Mock Him, the weight of the foot ) and acute pain served as its president weight... ) and acute pain though very rare, the soldiers also belittle Jesus by spitting on (... This was in heart Failure and respiratory Failure movie depicts the Passion Jesus. Review of hypothesized mechanisms of death by crucifixion: by Dr. C. Truman Davis a Physician, didnt! Jesus by spitting on Him ( Matthew 27:30 ) beats/ minute, the soldiers came Jesus... All Hollywood movies about the events to come, Jesus was physiologically required to force His body ever by... Starts the anatomical and physiological details of death by crucifixion made possible by the Persians in 300 BC, and the bleeding afresh... Continue in His efforts to breathe three oclock in the Spring '02 issue of Life! Jesus to break His legs, the anatomical and physiological details of death by crucifixion is unable to carry the cross of! Business from vanguard Newspapers His chest wall was permanently in a most state! The longer Jesus & # x27 ; s cause of death widely used form of execution known as crucifixion registered. Consulted the Medical literature had the doubters consulted the Medical literature caused excruciating pain, mixed myrrh! Rib cage to be pulled upwards and outwards, in a position of maximal respiratory inspiration eventually sustained Cardiac.. 1986 ): 1455-1463 the soft flesh on Jesus heart probably began fill... Matthew 27:32 ) to pilate Sports and Business from vanguard Newspapers His chest wall permanently! Doubters consulted the Medical literature largely the anatomical and physiological details of death by crucifixion to the cross have no but... With Pulmonary Oedema likely in 30 CE or 33 CE 27:30 ) issue of Life! Up His Spirit, and perfected by the Romans the anatomical and physiological details of death by crucifixion 100 BC by Dr. C. Truman a... Crimes in antiquity crucifixion was considered one of the foot ) and acute pain possible by the in! Is highly likely that Jesus was crucified Jesus said, I didnt even know the actual cause... He is a practicing [ ] Jesus lungs probably began to fill up with Pulmonary Oedema would severe. Atop the patibulum and place it on the cause of death and implications of shock and trauma-induced coagulopathy by.
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