charlie chaplin son death

She died at the Motion Picture Hospital in Woodland Hills,. I would like to have told them that the sooner I was rid of that hate-beleaguered atmosphere the better, that I was fed up of America's insults and moral pomposity[301], Because all of his property remained in America, Chaplin refrained from saying anything negative about the incident to the press. [320] Chaplin banned American journalists from its Paris premire and decided not to release the film in the United States. [397] The character lives in poverty and is frequently treated badly, but remains kind and upbeat;[398] defying his social position, he strives to be seen as a gentleman. [314] Filming in England proved a difficult experience, as he was used to his own Hollywood studio and familiar crew, and no longer had limitless production time. Chaplin's inspiration for the project came from Orson Welles, who wanted him to star in a film about the French serial killer Henri Dsir Landru. It was this physical resemblance that supplied the plot for Chaplin's next film, The Great Dictator, which directly satirised Hitler and attacked fascism. He resided in the south of France and often visited Charlie Chaplin's family in Switzerland. [44], Chaplin soon found work with a new company and went on tour with his brother, who was also pursuing an acting career, in a comedy sketch called Repairs. "[197] Given its general release in January 1931, City Lights proved to be a popular and financial success, eventually grossing over $3million. Cass was married twice. It began when Essanay extended his last film for them, The British embassy made a statement saying: "[Chaplin] is of as much use to Great Britain now making big money and subscribing to war loans as he would be in the trenches.". Chaplin had already attracted the attention of the FBI long before the 1940s, the first mention of him in their files being from 1922. Charlie Chaplin His last words after a priest read him his rites, "May the Lord have mercy on your soul." R.D. [57] The tour lasted 21 months, and the troupe returned to England in June 1912. [498] Chaplin was portrayed by Robert McClure in both productions. [304] Reflecting on this, Maland writes that Chaplin's fall, from an "unprecedented" level of popularity, "may be the most dramatic in the history of stardom in America".[305]. [412] Modern Times (1936) depicted factory workers in dismal conditions, The Great Dictator (1940) parodied Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini and ended in a speech against nationalism, Monsieur Verdoux (1947) criticised war and capitalism, and A King in New York (1957) attacked McCarthyism. It focused on his early years and personal life, and was criticised for lacking information on his film career. Aug 16, 1925. The pair were caught in a large police operation in May, and Chaplin's coffin was found buried in a field in the nearby village of Noville. Born Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr., son of Charlie and Lita Grey in Los Angeles. [34], In the years Chaplin was touring with the Eight Lancashire Lads, his mother ensured that he still attended school but, by age 13, he had abandoned education. He was born to Lita Grey and Charlie Chaplin on May 5, 1925, in Beverly Hills,. [f] "It was like tidings from heaven", Chaplin recalled. He remembered confidently entertaining the crowd, and receiving laughter and applause. The Nazi Party believed that he was Jewish and banned, In December 1942, Barry broke into Chaplin's home with a handgun and threatened suicide while holding him at gunpoint. He continues to be held in high regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator often ranked on lists of the greatest films. [357], On 1 March 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen from its grave by Roman Wardas and Gantcho Ganev. This marked the only time the comedians worked together in a feature film.[296]. [16] Chaplin's early years were spent with his mother and brother Sydney in the London district of Kennington. [67] The one-reeler Making a Living marked his film acting debut and was released on 2February 1914. [145], Chaplin spent five months on his next film, the two-reeler The Idle Class. [ah] The couple decided to settle in Switzerland and, in January 1953, the family moved into their permanent home: Manoir de Ban, a 14-hectare (35-acre) estate[308] overlooking Lake Geneva in Corsier-sur-Vevey. Harper's Weekly reported that the name of Charlie Chaplin was "a part of the common language of almost every country", and that the Tramp image was "universally familiar". 23 Charles Chaplin Jr. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films. The couple had one son, Norman Spencer Chaplin, born July 7, 1919. He soon recruited a leading lady, Edna Purviance, whom Chaplin met in a caf and hired on account of her beauty. In real life, he explained, "men and women try to hide their emotions rather than seek to express them". Body stolen On March 1, 1978, Roman Wardas and Gantcho Ganev stole his coffin and body. A statue was erected in 1998;[484] since 2011, the town has been host to the annual Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival, which was founded to celebrate Chaplin's legacy and to showcase new comic talent. The filmmaker had been buried two months prior following his death on Christmas Day in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland. Charlie Chaplin, Jr. Charlie Chaplin Jr. [217] It was his first feature in 15 years to adopt political references and social realism,[218] a factor that attracted considerable press coverage despite Chaplin's attempts to downplay the issue. When Charles Spencer Chaplin died in 1977 at the age of 88, Variety repeated a quote from critic Alexander Woolcott: "It must be said of Chaplin that he has created only one character, but that one, in his matchless courtesy, in . [175][t] Chaplin was reported to be in a state of nervous breakdown, as the story became headline news and groups formed across America calling for his films to be banned. It was found two-and-a-half months later, buried in a. [206], In his autobiography, Chaplin recalled that on his return to Los Angeles, "I was confused and without plan, restless and conscious of an extreme loneliness". [275] Along with the damage of the Joan Barry scandal, he was publicly accused of being a communist. [319] A King in New York was released in September 1957, and received mixed reviews. The 2012 Sight & Sound poll, which compiles "top ten" ballots from film critics and directors to determine each group's most acclaimed films, 5 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time. Robinson speculates that Switzerland was probably chosen because it "was likely to be the most advantageous from a financial point of view". [aa] Historian Otto Friedrich called this an "absurd prosecution" of an "ancient statute",[250] yet if Chaplin was found guilty, he faced 23 years in jail. [r][122] He chose to build his own studio, situated on five acres of land off Sunset Boulevard, with production facilities of the highest order. [129] Chaplin's next release was war-based, placing the Tramp in the trenches for Shoulder Arms. Robinson notes that this was not strictly true: "The character was to take a year or more to evolve its full dimensions and even then which was its particular strength it would evolve during the whole rest of his career.". [40] His performance was so well received that he was called to London to play the role alongside William Gillette, the original Holmes. [183] Finally completed in October 1927, The Circus was released in January 1928 to a positive reception. The boys were promptly sent to Norwood Schools, another institution for destitute children.[20]. [278] In the political climate of 1940s America, such activities meant Chaplin was considered, as Larcher writes, "dangerously progressive and amoral". He is buried under a stone marked simply The Little Mouse. By the time the act finished touring in July 1907, the 18-year-old had become an accomplished comedic performer. [85], Chaplin asserted a high level of control over his pictures and started to put more time and care into each film. [439] The critic Leonard Maltin has written of the "unique" and "indelible" nature of the Tramp, and argued that no other comedian matched his "worldwide impact". [500], Chaplin has also been characterised in literary fiction. Charles Chaplin, Jr., with N. and M. Rau, My Father, Charlie Chaplin, Random House: New York, (1960), pages 7-8. [322][323], In the last two decades of his career, Chaplin concentrated on re-editing and scoring his old films for re-release, along with securing their ownership and distribution rights. On 20th March 1968, Charlie Chaplin, 42, collapsed and died due to a pulmonary embolism in his grandmother's house. After Chaplin . [416] Many of his sets, especially in street scenes, bear a strong similarity to Kennington, where he grew up. [407] Chaplin sometimes drew on tragic events when creating his films, as in the case of The Gold Rush (1925), which was inspired by the fate of the Donner Party. The 16-year-old actress Mildred Harris had revealed that she was pregnant with his child, and in September 1918, he married her quietly in Los Angeles to avoid controversy. [169] They originally met during her childhood and she had previously appeared in his works The Kid and The Idle Class. [287] Calls were made for him to be deported; in one extreme and widely published example, Representative John E. Rankin, who helped establish HUAC, told Congress in June 1947: "[Chaplin's] very life in Hollywood is detrimental to the moral fabric of America. "There was nothing we could do but accept poor mother's fate", Chaplin later wrote, and she remained in care until her death in 1928. [321] A King in New York was not shown in America until 1973. [199][200] City Lights became Chaplin's personal favourite of his films and remained so throughout his life. [367] Little was known about his working process throughout his lifetime,[368] but research from film historians particularly the findings of Kevin Brownlow and David Gill that were presented in the three-part documentary Unknown Chaplin (1983) has since revealed his unique working method. He remained convinced that sound would not work in his films, but was also "obsessed by a depressing fear of being old-fashioned". It opened on 17 April 2016 after fifteen years of development, and is described by Reuters as "an interactive museum showcasing the life and works of Charlie Chaplin". Charlie Chaplin. [81] When Chaplin's contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, he asked for $1,000 a week[j] an amount Sennett refused as too large. [486] Throughout the 1980s, the Tramp image was used by IBM to advertise their personal computers. [353][ak] Chaplin was interred in the Corsier-sur-Vevey cemetery. [445] He was the first to popularise feature-length comedy and to slow down the pace of action, adding pathos and subtlety to it. [215] Chaplin's performance of a gibberish song did, however, give the Tramp a voice for the only time on film. (Chaplin, a. He married twice, first to Martha . He initially refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. One journalist wrote, "Nobody in the world but Charlie Chaplin could have done it. Like a director The Kid is the first feature he directs. For other uses, see. Early in the film, Marilyn meets Charlie "Cass" Chaplin Jr. (Xavier Samuel) and Eddy G. Robinson Jr. (Evan Williams) in an acting . He is buried in the Abbey of the Psalms mausoleum at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery with his maternal grandmother Lillian Carrillo Curry Grey (1888-1985). [178] His fan base was strong enough to survive the incident, and it was soon forgotten, but Chaplin was deeply affected by it. [126] The film was described by Louis Delluc as "cinema's first total work of art". Both Chaplin and Barry agreed that they had met there briefly, and according to Barry, they had sexual intercourse. [482] The Swiss town of Vevey named a park in his honour in 1980 and erected a statue there in 1982. Sydney Chaplin died on April 16, 1965, Charlie Chaplin's 76th birthday. After two arduous trials, in which the prosecuting lawyer accused him of "moral turpitude",[255] Chaplin was declared to be the father. [e] Chaplin worked hard, and the act was popular with audiences, but he was not satisfied with dancing and wished to form a comedy act. . [404] Constance B. Kuriyama has identified serious underlying themes in the early comedies, such as greed (The Gold Rush) and loss (The Kid). In her memoirs, Lita Grey later claimed that many of her complaints were "cleverly, shockingly enlarged upon or distorted" by her lawyers. [491], Chaplin is the subject of a biographical film, Chaplin (1992) directed by Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey Jr. in the title role and Geraldine Chaplin playing Hannah Chaplin. Charlie Chaplin Was Once Targeted By Japanese Assassins. [325] The first of these re-releases was The Chaplin Revue (1959), which included new versions of A Dog's Life, Shoulder Arms, and The Pilgrim. for Travelanche ), Michael's impression of his father was that of an amazingly wealthy man, caring at times but often removed and intimidating. Stephen M. Weissman has argued that Chaplin's problematic relationship with his mentally ill mother was often reflected in his female characters and the Tramp's desire to save them. A tramp, a gentleman, a poet, a dreamer, a lonely fellow, always hopeful of romance and adventure. The shameless thieves tried to extort Chaplin's widow, Oona Chaplin, for a ransom. The Eight Lancashire Lads were still touring until 1908; the exact time Chaplin left the group is unverified, but based on research, A. J. Marriot believes it was in December 1900. [239] Chaplin concluded the film with a five-minute speech in which he abandoned his barber character, looked directly into the camera, and pleaded against war and fascism. Charlie gave so much happiness and, although he. [231] Making a comedy about Hitler was seen as highly controversial, but Chaplin's financial independence allowed him to take the risk. [232] "I was determined to go ahead", he later wrote, "for Hitler must be laughed at. [31] Through his father's connections,[32] Chaplin became a member of the Eight Lancashire Lads clog-dancing troupe, with whom he toured English music halls throughout 1899 and 1900. [493][494] A television series about Chaplin's childhood, Young Charlie Chaplin, ran on PBS in 1989, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program. [363] The concept of mixing pathos with slapstick was learnt from Karno,[al] who also used elements of absurdity that became familiar in Chaplin's gags. [117], In January 1918, Chaplin was visited by leading British singer and comedian Harry Lauder, and the two acted in a short film together. Chaplin's 1921 serio-comic film, The Kid, was supposed to have been. [315] The political satire parodied HUAC and attacked elements of 1950s culture including consumerism, plastic surgery, and wide-screen cinema. Charlie Chaplin was probably the son of Charlie Chaplin sr. (1863-1901) and Hannah Harriet Chaplin (1865-1928) born. [102] John R. Freuler, the studio president, explained: "We can afford to pay Mr. Chaplin this large sum annually because the public wants Chaplin and will pay for him. It is likely that he would have gained entry if he had applied for it. Did Marilyn Monroe have a threesome with Charlie Chaplin Jr.? Gerald Mast has written that although UA never became a major company like MGM or Paramount Pictures, the idea that directors could produce their own films was "years ahead of its time". Second Son, Shane. [340] The visit attracted a large amount of press coverage and, at the Academy Awards gala, he was given a 12-minute standing ovation, the longest in the academy's history. [396], Chaplin's silent films typically follow the Tramp's efforts to survive in a hostile world. [313] He began developing his first European film, A King in New York, in 1954. [425] He considered the musical accompaniment of a film to be important,[184] and from A Woman of Paris onwards he took an increasing interest in this area. [386] He personally edited all of his films, trawling through the large amounts of footage to create the exact picture he wanted. [170] Their first son, Charles Spencer Chaplin III, was born on 5May 1925, followed by Sydney Earl Chaplin on 30 March 1926. "[400] The Tramp defies authority figures[401] and "gives as good as he gets",[400] leading Robinson and Louvish to see him as a representative for the underprivileged an "everyman turned heroic saviour". The autopsy revealed that extensive thrombosis of Charlie's right leg caused an obstruction of a major blood vessel near the lungs. With Georgia Hale as his leading lady, Chaplin began filming the picture in February 1924. [180] He built a story around the idea of walking a tightrope while besieged by monkeys, and turned the Tramp into the accidental star of a circus. [139], Losing the child, plus his own childhood experiences, are thought to have influenced Chaplin's next film, which turned the Tramp into the caretaker of a young boy. [402] Hansmeyer notes that several of Chaplin's films end with "the homeless and lonely Tramp [walking] optimistically into the sunset to continue his journey."[403]. [251] Three charges lacked sufficient evidence to proceed to court, but the Mann Act trial began on 21 March 1944. [91] The use of pathos was developed further with The Bank, in which Chaplin created a sad ending. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention. [254], Barry's child, Carol Ann, was born in October 1943, and the paternity suit went to court in December 1944. Chaplin attempted to be a "Jewish comedian", but the act was poorly received and he performed it only once. Vance, Jeffrey (4 August 2003). In September 1898, Hannah was committed to Cane Hill mental asylum; she had developed a psychosis seemingly brought on by an infection of syphilis and malnutrition. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. He grew up to pursue an acting career just like his famous father. [476] On the 128th anniversary of his birth, a record-setting 662 people dressed as the Tramp in an event organised by the museum. A clip from A King in New York (1957) with Charlie Chaplin and Michael Chaplin. [340] The following year, he was honoured with a special award by the Venice Film Festival. He was an actor, known for Fangs of the Wild (1954), The Beat Generation (1959) and Matinee Theatre (1955). [469] Many of Chaplin's film have had a DVD and Blu-ray release. "[430], Chaplin's compositions produced three popular songs. The nightmare gripping Ken Middleton's family appeared to be possibly over in 2005. [457][458], Chaplin also strongly influenced the work of later comedians. [135] Soon after, the pregnancy was found to be false. But a birth certificate for Chaplin has never been found. [242] The Great Dictator received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor. Chaplin Jr. was the son of the great Charlie Chaplin. [203][w] He spent months travelling Western Europe, including extended stays in France and Switzerland, and spontaneously decided to visit Japan. Monroe did reportedly date Chaplin for a time, even meeting his famous father at a lunch, according to his memoir My Father. [51] Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909. [370] Many of his early films began with only a vague premise, for example "Charlie enters a health spa" or "Charlie works in a pawn shop". In October 1918, at age 29, Chaplin married 16-year-old Mildred Harris, a popular child-actress. [53], Karno selected his new star to join the section of the company, one that also included Stan Laurel, that toured North America's vaudeville circuit. [271] It was more successful abroad,[272] and Chaplin's screenplay was nominated at the Academy Awards. I believe in Charlie Chaplin"),[450] Michael Powell,[451] Billy Wilder,[452] Vittorio De Sica,[453] and Richard Attenborough. 35 on Empire magazine's "Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time" list in 2005. "[121] In June 1917, Chaplin signed to complete eight films for First National Exhibitors' Circuit in return for $1million. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His childhood in London was burdened with desperate poverty; the son of a struggling actress, he got his first acting job at fourteen, enjoyed success in the music halls, and, in 1910, sailed. Charlie Chaplin signs a copy of his . When people saw Chaplin Jr., they saw the reflection of the "Tramp," but they failed to see who he really was. [480] There are nine blue plaques memorialising Chaplin in London, Hampshire, and Yorkshire. [93], During 1915, Chaplin became a cultural phenomenon. Barry broke into Chaplin's home a second time later that month, and he had her arrested. [371] He then had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to improvise gags and "business" using them, almost always working the ideas out on film. After a career spanning more than a whopping 75-years, The Tramp died in the comfort of his home after suffering a stroke in his sleep. [143] Dealing with issues of poverty and parentchild separation, The Kid was one of the earliest films to combine comedy and drama. [209] He was not ready to commit to a film, however, and focused on writing a serial about his travels (published in Woman's Home Companion). Man as an individual is a genius. [366], Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods, claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion. [15], Chaplin's childhood was fraught with poverty and hardship, making his eventual trajectory "the most dramatic of all the rags to riches stories ever told" according to his authorised biographer David Robinson. [134], Before the creation of United Artists, Chaplin married for the first time. [240] Charles J. Maland has identified this overt preaching as triggering a decline in Chaplin's popularity, and writes, "Henceforth, no movie fan would ever be able to separate the dimension of politics from [his] star image". [54][55] The young comedian headed the show and impressed reviewers, being described as "one of the best pantomime artists ever seen here". [419] His approach to filming was described by the art director Eugne Louri: "Chaplin did not think in 'artistic' images when he was shooting. [299] In America, the hostility towards him continued, and, although it received some positive reviews, Limelight was subjected to a wide-scale boycott. [326] The same month, Chaplin was invested with the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by the universities of Oxford and Durham. Two months later, his body was stolen from the Swiss cemetery, sparking a police investigation and a hunt for the culprits. "[233][x] Chaplin replaced the Tramp (while wearing similar attire) with "A Jewish Barber", a reference to the Nazi Party's belief that he was Jewish. It was his first to use Technicolor and the widescreen format, while he concentrated on directing and appeared on-screen only in a cameo role as a seasick steward. [43] He completed one final tour of Sherlock Holmes in early 1906, before leaving the play after more than two-and-a-half years. [284] Unwilling to be quiet about the issue, he openly protested against the trials of Communist Party members and the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee. [358][359], Chaplin believed his first influence to be his mother, who entertained him as a child by sitting at the window and mimicking passers-by: "it was through watching her that I learned not only how to express emotions with my hands and face, but also how to observe and study people. [147] He wrote a book about his journey, titled My Wonderful Visit. Chaplin died of a pulmonary embolism on March 20, 1968, in Santa Monica, California, aged 42. [137] Harris was by then legitimately pregnant, and on 7July 1919, gave birth to a son. [158] In The Gold Rush, the Tramp is a lonely prospector fighting adversity and looking for love. [270] Monsieur Verdoux was the first Chaplin release that failed both critically and commercially in the United States. According to writer Donald Travis Stewart (stage and pen name Trav S.D. He was the second. . Two musicals, Little Tramp and Chaplin, were produced in the early 1990s. [331] Set on an ocean liner, it starred Marlon Brando as an American ambassador and Sophia Loren as a stowaway found in his cabin. [378] Because he personally funded his films, Chaplin was at liberty to strive for this goal and shoot as many takes as he wished. [95] As his fame grew worldwide, he became the film industry's first international star. [71] Dan Kamin writes that Chaplin's "quirky mannerisms" and "serious demeanour in the midst of slapstick action" are other key aspects of his comedy,[394] while the surreal transformation of objects and the employment of in-camera trickery are also common features. The baby apparently suffered from birth defects and died after three days. [343], Although Chaplin still had plans for future film projects, by the mid-1970s he was very frail. [162], Chaplin felt The Gold Rush was the best film he had made. Like its predecessor, Modern Times employed sound effects but almost no speaking. Charlie and Oona's son Eugene and their granddaughter Dolores both appeared in it. [237] The film generated a vast amount of publicity, with a critic for The New York Times calling it "the most eagerly awaited picture of the year", and it was one of the biggest money-makers of the era. [243], In the mid-1940s, Chaplin was involved in a series of trials that occupied most of his time and significantly affected his public image. [220] Today, Modern Times is seen by the British Film Institute as one of Chaplin's "great features",[199] while David Robinson says it shows the filmmaker at "his unrivalled peak as a creator of visual comedy". [430] For Limelight, Chaplin composed "Terry's Theme", which was popularised by Jimmy Young as "Eternally" (1952). According to Chaplin, Hannah had been booed off stage and the manager chose him as he was standing in the wings to go on as her replacement. [316] In a review, the playwright John Osborne called it Chaplin's "most bitter" and "most openly personal" film. The relationship allegedly ended when Charlie. [375] If he was out of ideas, he often took a break from the shoot, which could last for days, while keeping the studio ready for when inspiration returned. Evidence from blood tests that indicated otherwise were not admissible,[ab] and the judge ordered Chaplin to pay child support until Carol Ann turned 21. [238] The ending was unpopular, however, and generated controversy. As part of a smear campaign to damage Chaplin's image,[247] the FBI named him in four indictments related to the Barry case. ", "Charlie Chaplin Was 'Born into a Midland Gipsy Family', "Unsuspecting extras go down in film history", "Charlie Chaplin: The First Actor in the world to be on the cover of Times magazine", "Chaplin: a little tramp through Charlie's love affairs", "MI5 Spied on Charlie Chaplin after the FBI Asked for Help to Banish Him from US", "Yasser Arafat: 10 Other People Who Have Been Exhumed", "Chaplin's Writing and Directing Collaborators", "Charlie Chaplin's Limelight at the Academy After 60 Years", "The Greatest Films Poll: Critics Top 250 Films", "Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films", "The BFI Charles Chaplin Conference July 2005", "Chaplin's World museum opens its doors in Switzerland", "Charlie Chaplins gather in their hundreds to set world record video", "Gandhi Chaplin Memorial Garden opened in Canning Town", "Vevey: Les Tours "Chaplin" Ont t Inaugures", "Charlie Chaplin's 100th Birthday Gala a Royal Bash in London", "The Museum of Modern Art Honors Charles Chaplin's Contributions to Cinema", "Google Doodles a Video Honouring Charlie Chaplin", "Robert Downey, Jr. profile, Finding Your Roots", "Charlie Chaplin's family see the funny side of film about his corpse being stolen", "Limelight The Story of Charlie Chaplin", "Jerusalem by Alan Moore review Midlands metaphysics", "40 Years Ago The Birth of the Chaplin Award", "The 13th Academy Awards: Nominees and Winners", "Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders to be honoured by Bafta", "Booting a Tramp: Charlie Chaplin, the FBI, and the Construction of the Subversive Image in Red Scare America", Newspaper clippings about Charlie Chaplin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Chaplin&oldid=1141857737, Cimetire de Corsier-sur-Vevey, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 05:15.
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