2013). Rattlesnake Master (Eryngium yuccifolium) is the subject of the haiku above, the featured photo on this post, and Larry’s homework for a 2-session online course we are taking in Prairie Ethnobotany, from The Morton Arboretum in Lisle, IL, 25 miles west of Downtown Chicago. The total number of Prairie Rattlesnake locations (i.e., hibernacula/dens) in Canada was estimated by adding separate estimates for Alberta and Saskatchewan. Of Alberta's six resident snake species, only one species, the prairie rattlesnake, possesses venom that is harmful to humans. 34 pp. Average home range size of the Prairie Rattlesnake in Canada ranges from 4 to 109 ha. As a result, this species has been subject to widespread persecution in Canada and the USA (see Threats). In addition, cultivation and cattle grazing activities in riparian areas may also result in the destruction of hibernacula (Rose 2001; Jørgensen 2009). Our environment, culture, economy, and society are interdependent and we must wisely protect, use, and manage our wild animal and plant resources. Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation. The prairie rattlesnake typically inhabits open prairies and grasslands. 1996), Canada: (Gannon and Secoy 1984; Macartney and Weichel 1993; Kissner et al. Panel of three maps showing the percentage of landscape change by county in (Map a) cultivated acres, (Map b) hay land, and (Map c) natural land from 1971 to 2001 in southern Alberta. Cartier, A., pers. In Saskatchewan, Poulin and Didiuk (2008) found negative attitudes of landowners towards snake research projects and snakes in general in the area of the Val Marie PFRA. The blotches are often lighter in the centre, dark at the edges and bordered by whitish-yellow. Gardiner, L. E. 2012. Mitrovich, M. J., J. E. Diffendorfer and R. N. Fisher. November 2014. Crotalus viridis, the prairie rattlesnake, is found in southwest Saskatchewan and southeast Alberta. Canadian Herpetologist 3(2): 10-13. Kissner and Nicholson (2003) reported that one hibernaculum that appeared to have undergone a large decrease in abundance was located within 10 m of a gravel road with high traffic intensity due to oil and gas drilling. A bite from a prairie rattlesnake is capable of causing tissue destruction, swelling, internal bleeding and intense pain, and there are some coming out around the province and even in our health region. Queen's Printer. Prairie Rattlesnake distribution is restricted to the Prairie national ecological area and the Prairie/Western Boreal terrestrial amphibian and reptile faunal province (COSEWIC 2011a). In 2007, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List assessed the Prairie Rattlesnake as ‘Least Concern’ (Frost et al. All other South Dakota snakes are born with a pointed tail. Suitable retreat sites are a necessary microhabitat component for Prairie Rattlesnakes. Saskatchewan Research Council. (See Canadian Range), Are there extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence? (1996) estimated abundance of Prairie Rattlesnakes along the Frenchman River (Grasslands National Park) based on intensive population estimates at two of the largest dens as well as less intensive monitoring of 10 additional dens (methods unknown). Modeling road mortality of Prairie Rattlesnakes and Bullsnakes in Alberta. Adults attain an average snout-vent length of 120 cm, and an average mass of 1000 g. Like all rattlesnakes, this species has a segmented rattle at the end of its tail, two heat sensing pits below its eyes and two retractable fangs in its upper jaw. A recent decline is inferred based on research by Kissner and Nicholson (2003; which includes results reported by Rose 2001), who evaluated occupancy at 14 historical hibernacula (i.e., locations) from across the Alberta range of this species. Gestation sites provide optimum conditions for development of young and protection from predators. A. Martino, D. L. Parker and C. M. Somers. Email correspondence to A. Martinson. 2013. Species at Risk Report No. 2005. For example, Gardiner (2012) concluded rattlesnakes strongly avoided crop areas, using them 24 times less than expected, but the majority of snakes in her study (74%, 17/23) were short-distance migrants. Utilization of Air Photo Interpretation to Locate Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) Hibernacula in the South Saskatchewan River Valley. 11 pp. 2013; Shipley et al. Table 1. Although the natural lifespan of a particular hibernaculum is unknown, some of the oldest den sites in Alberta were originally reported in the 1940s and 1950s and were confirmed active at least 60-70 years later (i.e., three to six Prairie Rattlesnake generations; Kissner and Nicholson 2003). St. Mary River and Milk River Watershed Boundaries (JPG; 1.1 MB). A survivorship pattern where neonates and juveniles have a relatively high mortality rate, but wherein annual survivorship increases with age and body mass (see Life Cycle and Reproduction), results in a “population with a relatively stable core of adult rattlesnakes into which recruitment is gradual and probably quite variable from year to year” (Macartney and Weichel 1993). Prairie rattlesnake envenomation alters capillary membrane permeability, which can contribute to hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia. 2002). The reliance upon, and congregation within, localized hibernacula for overwinter survival, places Prairie Rattlesnakes at risk of mass mortality from abrupt natural changes to these features. comm. (Species at Risk Public Registry). 2012). Percent of landscape change by county in a) cultivated acres, b) hay land, and c) natural land from 1971 – 2001 in southern Alberta. Walker, K.E. In Alberta, land acquisitions have occurred within the Grasslands Natural Region by groups such as Alberta Conservation Association, Nature Conservancy of Canada, Alberta Fish and Game, and Pheasants Forever. Didiuk, A., pers. Not all high-traffic highways will act as barriers, however, if suitable dispersal conduits are available. Ashton, K. G. and A. D. de Queiroz. In total, ~ 20,372 km2 of native prairie in both provinces combined (less than 25% of remaining native prairies) are considered to be in a relatively unaltered state or in ‘good’ ecological condition (Alberta Environmental Protection 1997, as cited by AESRD and ACA 2012; Saskatchewan Eco-Network 2013a). comm. Canada is home to four species of venomous snakes, including the Northern Pacific rattlesnake, Massasauga, Desert Nightsnake and Prairie rattlesnake. Movement and spatial dispersion of Sistrurus catenatus and Heterodon platirhinos: Implications for interactions with roads. Mixed Grass Prairie in Manitoba . 2008. 22. Environment Canada. MacKenzie, J. [accessed Nov. 2013]. Prairie rattlesnake. 1996; Jørgensen and Nicholson 2007), Canada: (Macartney and Weichel 1993; Kissner et al. 2013b. Provincially owned parks and protected areas within the range of the Prairie Rattlesnake total ~500 km2 and these lands are found entirely within Alberta (Table 8). Canadian Field-Naturalist 126(3): 194-203. 2009. At least 4,550 km2 of land within the range of the Prairie Rattlesnake is owned by federal and provincial governments, combined. Rookery microhabitats consist of partially vegetated sites receiving extensive sun exposure and in close proximity to refugia (e.g., small mammal burrows/burrow complexes, wood piles and rock outcrops), which are used by gravid females and neonates (Gannon and Secoy 1984; Fast 2003; Poulin and Didiuk 2008; Martinson 2009a; Andrus 2010; AESRD and ACA 2012; Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment 2013a). Is there an inferred continuing decline in number of locations? U.S. of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK. Prairie rattlesnake may refer to: Crotalus viridis, a.k.a. Table 8. 2013), making it difficult to determine if and where unsuccessful searches have occurred. Large size makes rattlesnakes more likely to be accidentally hit on roads and easy targets for drivers intent on hitting them (Martinson 2009b). 2003. Herpetofauna observed during the Royal Saskatchewan Museum bioblitz of southwest Saskatchewan. Martinson, A. Many hibernacula in Saskatchewan are known to have been in continuous use for many decades (Macartney and Weichel 1993). The Canadian population is restricted to southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan wherein the species is strongly associated with major river valleys. 2013. For example, the developments proposed in Lethbridge, AB are within 500 m of hibernacula and will likely have significant effects on those populations. Rattlesnakes move slowly when crossing roads (Martinson 2009b), Rattlesnakes may thermoregulate on road surfaces (Martinson 2009b; Gardiner et al. Despite the discovery of previously undocumented dens, there is a recent and projected continuing decline of ~ 30% in the number of Prairie Rattlesnake locations in Canada. To protect Prairie Rattlesnake habitat from industrial development, the Saskatchewan Ministry of the Environment recommends a setback distance of 200 m from Prairie Rattlesnake hibernacula year-round for any medium to high level of disturbance (Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment 2013b); however, this is not a legal requirement. [Observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected] percent [reduction or increase] in total number of mature individuals over any [10 years, or 3 generations] period, over a time period including both the past and the future. Rose (2001) suggested that agricultural practices may be affecting rodent populations that snakes depend on as prey and for creation of burrows for refuge and hibernation. 79 pp. Ernst, R. D. and R. W. Quinlan. Birdwatch Canada 65(1): 4-5. However, since hibernacula are fairly remote, and some of the snakes migrate relatively short distances, the range of the scope is large-pervasive. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the … Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) from Dinosaur Provincial Park. The two locations are found within the cities of Lethbridge and Redcliff, Alberta. the plains rattlesnake, a venomous pitviper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Distribution and abundance of the Prairie Rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis viridis, in Canada. At this point, sample sizes are too low to determine if mortality rates are relatively greater for Prairie Rattlesnakes that migrate through cultivated lands. Alberta Parks and Protected Areas (including Crown Reservations) (PDF; 3.87 MB). 1996] x 2/3 mature = 256 x 75% killed = 192) for a final estimate of 1,475 adults. 2003. 7 Thrombocytopenia is common in humans, horses, and dogs after crotalid envenomation. A Preliminary investigation of movements, habitat use, and population trends in the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in a multi-use rural landscape in southeastern Alberta. Email correspondence to Adam Martinson. Rattlesnakes: their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. 1996; Poulin and Didiuk 2008; Poulin pers. A conservative estimate of the 14,900 (13,600 – 18,900) mature individuals in Canada (to the nearest 100) is achieved by adding the abundance estimates presented above for Saskatchewan (2,227 [1550 – 2904]) and Alberta (12,672 [12,078 - 15,972]). All male snakes have two penises. Didiuk (2003 as cited by AESRD and ACA 2012) witnessed declines in abundance at all six dens monitored within SNWA between 1995 and 2001, including a decline in large sexually mature snakes (however, the author acknowledged the possibility that repeat disturbance at dens by investigators may have prompted movement of snakes to nearby hibernacula [Didiuk pers. The IAO estimates presented here are likely underestimates for two reasons: 1) Prairie Rattlesnake observation data are biased toward easily accessed areas (e.g., proximity to roads), and, 2) IAO estimates are based solely on observation data points, and not on the biological area of occupancy (BAO), as is directed by COSEWIC (2011b). Number of locations was estimated crudely as the total number of locations (227) multiplied by the scope. Image used with permission. Stewart, L. 2013. These activities probably still occur in Alberta (AESRD and ACA 2012) and Saskatchewan (Poulin and Didiuk 2008; Gushulak pers. ), (Note: Formerly described as “Not In Any Category”, or “No Designation Required.”), (Note: Formerly described as “Indeterminate” from 1994 to 1999 or “ISIBD” [insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation] prior to 1994. Carbon brakes and X-brace. Unpublished draft report. The potential for such negative encounters seems quite high. comm. Oil and gas exploration and development is common throughout; the Lethbridge-Picture Butte area is the most intensive livestock feeding area (i.e., feed lots) in Canada. 2011). The Canadian distribution of this species is limited to southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan and is strongly associated with major river valleys. 371 pp. Nasen, L. C., B. F. Noble and J. F. Johnstone. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Prairie Rattlesnake occurs predominantly within the Mixed Grassland Ecoregion, which is the warmest, driest region of both provinces and encompasses 95,500 km2 (14%) of Alberta (Natural Regions Committee 2006) and 86,710 km2 (13%) of Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre 2012). The Prairie Rattlesnake was ranked as a “Blue-listed” species in Alberta in 1991 and again in 1996, indicating that the species may be at risk as a result of its potential vulnerability to habitat loss, population decline, or reductions in provincial distribution (Alberta Environmental Protection 1996 as cited by AESRD and ACA 2012). Although there are requirements for these groups to maintain current best management practices for the areas (Didiuk pers. Environmental effects of oil and gas lease sites in a grassland ecosystem. M-over-C Land & Cattle Co. Ltd., Hazenmore, SK. Wilkinson, L., pers. The background coloration is light gray or tan with pronounced dark brown blotches ringed in white running down the length of the body. Sullivan, B. K. 2000. Summary of most likely threats faced by Prairie Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in Canada according to the categories provided in the IUCN Threats Classification Scheme (IUCN 2013). For example, in the study by Row et al. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Prairie Rattlesnake occurs predominantly within the Mixed Grassland Ecoregion, which is the warmest, driest region of both provinces and encompasses 95,500 km2 (14%) of Alberta (Natural Regions Committee 2006) and 86,710 km2 (13%) of Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre 2012). Some short-distance migrants may not display typical migratory behaviour (i.e., directed movement to and from discrete summer activity ranges) but rather engage in meandering movements throughout the active season (Jørgensen et al. A. Martino, D. L. Parker and R. G. Poulin. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton, AB. Didiuk, A. During his master’s research he investigated the movement ecology and road mortality risk of Prairie Rattlesnakes and Bullsnakes in southeastern Alberta. As a result, the Prairie Rattlesnake is experiencing a continuing decline in Canada. 2001; Ernst and Quinlan 2006; Gardiner 2012; Didiuk pers. Examples of Western Rattlesnake migrations from the hibernaculum to destination habitat. 2013. 3 synonyms for prairie rattler: Crotalus viridis, prairie rattlesnake, Western rattlesnake. 2011. comm. The second approach produced an estimate of 2,200 (1,550 - 2,850) adults by adding abundance estimates from three separate regions in the province (1,475 + 132 + 593, see below) and using a margin of error of ~ 1,300 adult rattlesnakes (used by Macartney and Weichel 1993): Our final abundance estimate of 2,227 (1,550 – 2,904) adult Prairie Rattlesnakes in Saskatchewan is derived by averaging the minimum (1,550) and maximum (2,904) abundance estimates from both estimation methods described above. Map showing the Milk River watershed, including the Frenchman River in southern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta. In 1978, COSEWIC designated its first species and produced its first list of Canadian species at risk. AJM Environmental Inc., Calgary, AB. Generation Time = age at which 50% of total lifetime reproduction is achieved. Desserud, P., C. C. Gates, B. Adams and R. D. Revel. Prairie Rattlesnake -- Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. Canada: Charland 1989 and sources therein. 2013a. 2013. Additional search effort in Alberta is needed where Prairie Rattlesnake’s range has appeared to contract since the late 1970s and earlier (see Canadian Range; AESRD and ACA 2012). 2014. Morgan, D., pers. A compilation of all records in North Dakota by Jundt (2000) listed roughly 35 documentations of the Plains Hog-nosed Snake in the state. Prairie Rattlesnake habitat in the northern part of its U.S. range is also in decline, primarily due to the conversion of grassland habitat to intensive agriculture (Wright and Wimberly 2013). Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. (See Canadian Range). 1977. April 2013. comm. Image used with permission. 2006. Many of the remaining grasslands in the Grasslands Natural Region of Alberta and Saskatchewan have become increasingly degraded and/or isolated into smaller patches. Data were consulted from the following institutions and organizations: the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Management Information Service (FWMIS; up to and inclusive of 2012), the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (up to and inclusive of 2011), the Royal Alberta Museum, the Royal Saskatchewan Museum and the University of Alberta Museum. October 21, 2013. Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment. Increase east and southeast of Medicine Hat, AB, Increase north of Dinosaur Provincial Park, AB, and. Adult Prairie Rattlesnakes prey heavily upon burrowing small mammals such as Sagebrush Vole (Lemmiscus curtatus), Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), Black-tailed Prairie Dog, Olive-backed Pocket Mouse (Perognathus maniculatus), Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys talpoides)and Richardson’s Ground Squirrel (Hill et al. 2007). Within the Canadian extent of occurrence of the Prairie Rattlesnake, trends in the contemporary area occupied by the species (e.g., index area of occupancy) have not been quantified and remain unknown. comm. Pendlebury (1977) presumed that the change from rangeland to irrigated cultivation was contributing to restricting the species to the immediate vicinity of coulees where tillage is not possible. Larsen, K., pers. Again, in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the Prairie Rattlesnake was ranked as ‘May be at Risk’ of extirpation (which was equivalent to the previous Blue-listed ranking) given the presence of multiple threats to the species and its habitat (AESRD and ACA 2012). undated. May 2013. 2010. Accessed February 2013. Prairie Rattlesnake . Email correspondence to A. Martinson. Table 3. WILDLIFE ACT, Chapter W-10. Bonnet, X., G. Naulleau and R. Shine. Urbanization may also isolate remnant urban or near-urban populations of Prairie Rattlesnakes from each other due to avoidance of unsuitable habitat and heightened mortality risk. Synonyms for prairie rattler in Free Thesaurus. Conservative estimate of the total and adult population size of the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) in Canada. In addition, the City of Lethbridge doubled the size of Cottonwood Park in 2002 through a land purchase (Ernst and Quinlan 2006). PUBLIC LANDS ACT. Although habitat loss due to cultivation has slowed dramatically (see Habitat Trends), direct mortality and associated population isolation are ongoing threats across the cultivated landscape. Image used with permission. Combined, threats contribute to the loss, degradation, or fragmentation of habitat and can cause direct and indirect mortality, either individually or en masse (e.g., intentional persecution at hibernacula). For example, only one of 21 female rattlesnakes tracked by Jorgensen (2009) was observed switching dens. 2014]). Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation (ATPR). Plant and shrub cover around the site is also an important component (Nicholson and Rose 2001; Poulin and Didiuk 2008). Source: Leinberger (2012), Image used with permission. 2007. Over 90% has been converted to crops or drastically changed by grazing and haying. 2001. Description: The Prairie Rattlesnake is a large, heavy-bodied snake, with adults ranging from 36–50 inches (91–127 cm) in length. Also, anecdotal evidence suggests a decline in abundance (or extirpation) has occurred at a few historical Alberta locations (Kissner and Nicholson 2003, and sources therein), two of which were previously reported to number in the “hundreds” and “thousands.”. Click here to learn more. 2008; Radiotelemetry of 19 adult snakes (females), Jørgensen and Gates unpub. 2003. Web Site: http://maps.countyofessex.ca [accessed Jan. 2015]. Figure 2. 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