In 2012, at the onset of the current refugee crisis, I interviewed young Afghan and African asylum seekers in Denmark who expressed frustration with their confinement in asylum centers in remote areas, which they felt prevented them from integrating with their host community. For example, the EUs asylum policy prioritizes Syrians over other nationalities, including Iraqis and Afghanis, even though they all face similar levels of violence in their home countries. Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. As the opposition fragmented into various factions, terrorist groups exploited the chaos, targeting both Assads forces and civilians. The EU refused to activate the Temporary Protection Directive in 2015, incentivized other nations to thwart the flow of refugees, and neglected to discipline border patrol agents who violated the rights of asylum seekers. But the Venezuelans are being labelled as 'migrants' and that is shaping the governance response and the degree of engagement by UNHCR and others. She said she told U.S. officers that she was a victim of violence in her home country and requested asylum at the U.S. border. One 2022 study examining over 4,000 asylum applications in France between 1976 and 2016 found that Muslims were less likely than Christians to receive asylum. The consequences are devastating, as reports of violence and insecurity in their countries of origin, along transit routes and in Mexico abound. What is threatening about refugees? Many Syrians I spoke to last year in Lebanon and Jordan, where millions of Syrians have relocated, rejected registering as refugees in favor of living as migrants, stressing that they wanted to work and be self-sufficient rather than depend on aid. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Why refugees from Ukraine have been treated differently European countries haven't seen such a large number of displaced people in this short period of time in recent history. Saif Khalid of Al Jazeera attributes this disparate language to primarily white media outlets that [lack] diversity and perspective and enforce racial stereotypes. Assistant Professor Farzana Saleem on how to mitigate the toll racial stressors take on kids mental health. Central American and Mexican refugees ask why they aren't being treated at the same level as . Treatment of Haitians at the border in Texas exposes double standard toward refugees These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. Approximately 18,000 Europeans from 15 countries were given profiles and asked whom they would grant asylum; the study found a consistent bias against Muslim asylum-seekers, who were 11 percentage points less likely to be accepted than otherwise similar Christians. Corroborating this anti-Muslim bias among Europeans, another experiment in France concluded that increasing numbers of Muslims in France resulted in increased xenophobia. As Al-Younes noted, who wants to hire an asylum seeker still at risk of deportation, since their application hasnt been accepted yet? Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? While this study indicates anti-Muslim bias among government officials, a similar 2016 study suggests that regular citizens exhibit similar tendencies. The United States has been consumed with the mass evacuation and resettlement effort for vulnerable Afghans in the wake of the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan. This crisis requires countries that are accepting refugees to have . Contrarily, due to racial, religious, cultural, and ethnic differences, Europeans feel less sympathy for other refugees. Racism also impacts refugee treatment by influencing media coverage. Refugees, for instance, pose an economic threat because they need jobs, low-cost housing, access to health care, etc. record-high 65 million people have been displaced, one million people who crossed borders into the European Union, face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, European asylum system has effectively broken down, efined by international humanitarian law as people in need of protection, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stipulates, refugees and migrants apply for the same asylum. Arash Emamzadeh attended the University of British Columbia in Canada, where he studied genetics and psychology. If they are able to overcome these barriers and enter the EU, non-Ukrainians face prolonged unemployment. Since the media expose Europeans more to the conflict in Ukraine, they are more aware of the atrocities and trauma necessitating Ukrainians flight to nearby countries; therefore, refugees need for asylum seems more legitimate. Refugee Health: From the Public Health Perspective. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic refused to accept asylum seekers the EU attempted to relocate from Italy and Germany. At the end of March 2022, the Biden administration announced a commitment to resettle up to. Over the past decade, mostly in collaboration with his Stanford colleague James Fearon, Laitin has published several papers on ethnicity, ethnic cooperation, the sources of civil war and policies that work to settle civil wars. Reportedly, some of the perpetrators behind the Paris attacks had exploited the asylum system to enter Europe, giving migration skeptics ample opportunity to call for border closures. The Dublin Convention has been divisive and especially difficult for Italy and Greece, which have struggled to accommodate migrants arriving by sea. When it comes to these refugees being treated differently during their time of need, Abdelaaty's research shows that the labels used to describe those fleeing their homelandrefugees and migrantsimpacts how countries respond, including the actual definitions of who is a refugee and who is a migrant. Anna is working with Michael Hanna and the rest of the foreign policy team as a member of the 2016 internship class on issues such as U.S. policy toward the Middle East and East Asia. While the first three threats may be considered direct threats, the other three are extended threats. With blanket news coverage of the dire situation in Ukraine, Europeans are observing the situation of Ukrainians through this humanitarian lens and thus express greater support for them. In addition, we should remember foreigners culture will change, particularly with intergroup contactjust as cultures of European immigrants to America have changed, as history shows. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11, 78-123. Border patrol agent seen holding whip during encounter with Haitian migrants, the Biden administration has been quietly engaged in another series of evacuation flights, more than 1 million migrants and asylum-seekers, Biden immigration hypocrisy on full display as he tells Haitians fleeing chaos not to come, The United Nations refugee agency has expressed concern, Thousands of Afghan refugees await new homes in U.S. airbases, has 14 days to implement the court ruling, arrive without visas as humanitarian parolees, more than 123,000 people were safely flown out of Afghanistan, received medical screenings and access to vaccinations. About 18,000 refugees from Ukraine have arrived in Switzerland so far, with tens of thousands more expected by summer. Not everyone is eligible to seek asylum. He has also done graduate work in clinical psychology and neuropsychology in U.S. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. The EU had to support Ukrainewhich included a commitment to aiding Ukrainian refugeesor risk international condemnation; in contrast, it is more politically risky for the EU to commit to one side of the Syrian civil war (a perceived choice between a tyrannical government or jihadists). D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. In a survey of almost 20,000 Europeans across 15 countries in 2016, my IPL colleagues found a strong anti-Muslim bias. Moving forward, these new policies and attitudes towards people seeking refuge should be the norm . Unlike Ukrainians, they must apply for asylum and wait for approval before seeking jobs. During the 2015 refugee "crisis," the EU called for detaining arriving refugees for up to 18 months. That's why we want you to know that, when you visit our website, we use technologies like cookies to collect anonymized data so that we can better understand and serve our audience. : 'Labours Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper struggles to justify why refugees fleeing war in Ukraine should be treated differently to refugees fleeing war in Afghanistan. Assad sought to offer a stark choice between his secular rule and a jihadi alternative, creating a binary with no clean, moral winner. "But instead, it really is night and day if we talk about the programs for Afghanistan's refugees.". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health Services. More so, their action was a case study in poor strategic thinking. Defying Dictatorships: An Interview with Garry Kasparov, On Atlantic Alliances and Autocrats: An Interview with Jeanne Shaheen. In other words, the deaths of African and Middle Eastern civilians have elicited less attention from media outlets and foreign governments than the deaths of Ukrainians. While finding ways to address legitimate security and integration concerns, Europe could not only win skilled workers, but also hearts and minds of young people in the Middle East by accepting more asylum seekers from the region into their societies. | king5.com. Laitin also offers insight into how European Union (EU) policy is supporting a surge of refugees that the United Nations has described as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II. Refugees, for instance, pose an economic threat because they need jobs, low-cost housing, access to health care, etc. Moreover, they were not permitted to work until their asylum application was approved. Work permits alone do not guarantee refugees employment, though. I thought about the tens of thousands of refugees fleeing Ukraine and the tens of thousands of refugees who have had to flee their homes in Central America, Mexico and other parts of Latin. In the words of Al Jazeera journalist Saif Khalid, when white people commit terrorism this is seen as an individual act that does not represent the entire race. In Srebrenica in July 1995, towards the end of the 1992-1995 civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbs massacred 8,000 Bosnian Muslims, a blatant act of genocide. The EUs response to the refugee crisis also shapes its posture towards Russia and reignites Cold War concerns about Russian aggression, for Eastern Europeans acknowledge the potential for Putin to invade their nations as well. Its an undertaking thats demonstrated the ability of the U.S. government to bring tens of thousands of refugees to safety in America and marshal local resources to help them resettle in their new home. Meanwhile, the Maslovas, a family from Ukraine, enjoy warm welcomes. With fewer resources invested in non-Ukrainian refugees, it may take longer for their asylum cases to be processed, prolonging unemployment, living precarity, and limited access to resources. That's less likely to be true for people who decide to leave in the coming weeks, said Steve. Accuracy and availability may vary. An anchor for Al-Jazeera English called Ukrainian refugees, quote, "middle-class people," in comparison to refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. Not so today in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. As political scientist Lamis Abdelaaty describes, Europeans see Ukrainians as White and Christian, similar to the way that many in European countries see themselves. Eastern Europeans are especially welcoming of Ukrainians, with whom they share a sense of fraternity; many people move around within Eastern Europe, so nationalities expand beyond each nations borders. That's what makes it so shocking. Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are being paid $350 a month to join the Russian army and then sent to fight in Ukraine, U.S. news agency The Media Line reported on Feb. 28, citing a Lebanese . The report shows that unemployment among third-country nationals in the EU is twice as high as among EU citizens, with Sweden revealing a particularly worrying gap between the total labor force and non-EU citizens actively seeking a job. In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. How do you anticipate Ukrainians experience will unfold compared to that of asylees from Syria or North Africa? Data from a project of Stanfords Immigration Policy Lab (IPL) has shown that the longer applicants wait for resolution of their case, the less likely they are to secure a steady job once approved in large part due to loss of motivation. For example in Germany and Sweden, so-called priority reviews specify that asylum seekers can only be employed if there are no suitable national or EU-citizens available for the job. She and her daughters then found themselves on a bus back to Guatemala, the place where they had fled violence in the first place. LIMBONG: Mahdis Keshavarz is a board member with the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association, which put out a statement criticizing this framing, which Keshavarz says relies on old tropes. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. Staying Single: What Most People Do If They Divorce After 50, A Psychological Diagnosis for People Who Lie About Everything. These two groups are treated very differently, however, due to the prevalent stereotypes that exist about them in society. Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. Syrians rejection of the refugee category reflects the widespread association in the Middle East of refugees with Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. Religion is a key factor influencing attitudes toward refugees. By Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, a lecturer in digital. Andrew Limbong, NPR News. Shooting, detaining, torturing, and executing protestors, Assad forcefully crushed pro-democracy protests during the Arab Spring. Public policy in the EU and discussions of Dublin Convention reform have been marred by misunderstandings. This was shown in the behavior of newly certified French civil servants, who were more likely to reject Muslim applicants for refugee status; it was shown in the behavior of Swiss voters denying citizenship to Muslim applicants in direct democratic votes at higher rates than comparable Christians; and it was shown in the behavior of French citizens in experimental protocols fearing and discriminating against increasing numbers of Muslims in their midst more than Christians, even though both groups were from Senegal. Chief among these is the so-called " jewelry law " - a measure which allows the government to seize asylum seekers' assets, including their jewelry, to fund their stay in the country. They concluded that the six threat types explained the data better than one general threat factor or two factors (i.e. Many refugees are coming from northern Africa and the Middle East, with roughly 50 percent of the population of Syria seeking refuge from war. With the recent mass shooting in Germany, some people are again asking why anybody would hate refugees and aliens (i.e. This stark contrast epitomizes Europes unequitable treatment of different refugee populations, with Ukrainians topping the refugee hierarchy. KESHAVARZ: So as journalists, I think it's really critical that we look at that duality, and we question why that is. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Help fund the NPR Illinois mission to inform the community by securing business sponsorships. Arriving from the Middle East and Africa, non-Ukranian refugees are often otherized. According to new research, many asylum seekers experience discrimination on the Swedish labor market. Giulia McPherson is the director of advocacy and operations at Jesuit Refugee Service/USA. The global refugee crisis: Empirical evidence and policy implications for improving public attitudes and facilitating refugee resettlement. The Italian government has at times closed its ports to foreign boats carrying rescued migrants. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees.. Refugee agencies fear up to five million of Ukrainians could try to flee across the border as Russia's war intensifies and casualties mount. The Russian incursion has sparked the fastest growing refugee crisis since World War II, forcing more than 2 . (Capacity would be determined by population, GDP, unemployment rate and other factors.) An additional . Statistics show that asylum centers tend to isolate residents and restrict their access to the labor market. attempting to cross the Syria-Turkey borderis only the latest stark example of Turkeys inability to protect incoming migrants. For more information, see our full Privacy Policy. Study 4 used a more representative sample, consisting of 111 women and 140 men (mean age of 50 years). A mass exodus of Ukrainians risks overwhelming resources in neighboring countries even as Europe pledges to aid refugees fleeing Russia's invasion. Tens of thousands of people have already crossed into. Media outlets therefore play a decisive role in how Europeans view asylum seekers. But we could see White people going through. A Nigerian student added, Theyre pushing us back just because were Black!Were all humanThey should not discriminate against us because of the colour of our skin. Racism against POC fleeing Ukraine exposes differential treatment even among refugees fleeing the same conflict, suggesting that European solidarity is skin-deep. Albagir, a male refugee from Sudan, and one of his co-travelers struggle to cross into Poland. The European Commission is considering reforms that ensure fair sharing of responsibility, including ending the Dublin Convention, but progress has been slow. U.S. authorities are dedicating extra resources to pick up the rate of flights in order to remove them more quickly, saying six to eight flights a day will depart starting Tuesday. In line with these recommendations, countries with high migration rate such as Germany, Sweden, and Italy offer asylum seekers temporary work permits while their applications are being processed. (2019). Refugee implies involuntary exodus, while migrant refers more to voluntary movement; therefore, the use of the latter undermines non-Ukrainian refugees requests for asylum. LIMBONG: Rana Khoury, a research associate at Princeton University focusing on conflict and displacement, says this language has impacts on global refugee policy. While the two categories are treated differently by law, in practice they are both asylum seekers. The reports advocate for lifting labor restrictions and preventing discrimination against asylum seekers. But many European leaders nonetheless feel they are under pressure to minimize the number of asylum seekers within their own country. Similarly, right-wing European officials used the recent sexual harassment scandal in Cologne to fuel cultural bias and collective punishment against all asylum seekers. She is interested in comparative politics, immigration law, and German. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Diplomas and qualifications have to be recognized by the national labor system, which depending on the level of education can take years. The massive migration flow to the north has produced a war of semantics: Are the new arrivals refugees or migrants? In contrast, a refugee arriving in America, after receiving a grant of $900 from the government, often has to rely on private aid organizations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), 1401-1420. ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. Who wants to hire an asylum seeker still at risk of deportation, since their application hasnt been accepted yet? Others avoid registering for asylum, not for practical reasons but out of a sense of dignity. As anthropologist Miriam Ticktin has documented, some even infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. The 1953 Refugee Relief Act defined "refugee" (someone in a non-Communist country fleeing persecution), "escapee" (someone fleeing communism), and "expellee" (an ethnic German forced out of Eastern Europe). Since being forced to wait one additional year for the asylum decisions lowers the probability of being employed by about 4.9 percentage points'' due to skills atrophy and demoralization, it is more difficult for non-Ukrainian refugees to integrate into the workforce. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. Laitin is the James T. Watkins IV and Elise V. Watkins Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences and is a faculty co-director of the Stanford Immigration Policy Lab, which designs and evaluates immigration and integration policies and programs. Extensive international coverage of the crisis in Ukraine also has geopolitical consequences. At a time when Western states are highly concerned with maintaining influence in the Middle Eastern debacle, excluding people from their shores seems ill-advised. Is it a vague feeling of hostility or does it stem from specific unpleasant experiences or future worries? Currently, Ukrainians benefit from the unprecedented implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive, which allows Ukrainian refugees to reside, seek employment, and attend school in the EU for three years, no official asylum approval necessary. That convention requires the country that first registered an asylum seeker to administer the application and provide housing. Given its magnitude, the Ukraine crisis may prompt leaders to consider policies that cast a wider lens, Laitin said. In 2016, Hungarian leader Viktor Orbn described migration as a poison, yet he recently exclaimed that Ukrainians are welcomed by friends in Hungary. EU nationseven those with notorious anti-migrant sentimentshave opened their arms and borders to Ukrainian refugees with unprecedented generosity. Albagir is given beatings, and the Maslovas are given bread. The EU report challenges her statement by showing that, rather than signifying asylum seekers lack of desire to work, the slow inclusion of asylum seekers into the labor market is a result of poor implementation: Many employers in Sweden are simply not aware that asylum seekers are allowed to work. For instance, do you worry about foreigners spreading diseases, committing violence, or taking away jobs and depressing wages? After all, from . NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. A charity that helps refugees has said there is a big variation in how the UK helps people from different countries. Al Jazeera journalist Virginia Pietromarchi notes, Bloody conflicts in Syria, Somalia, and other places have not received the wide-reaching international media coverageor urgent international government actionthat the invasion of Ukraine has inspired." And if you zoom way, way out when talking about refugees and displacement, countries in the Middle East, Africa and the global South have taken in more than their fair share of refugees. The Refugee Act of 1980 amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, standardizing the process for admitting refugees into the United States. Barbed political rhetoric both reflects and exacerbates these trends among Europeans. Given the risk of deportation, many also avoid the system altogether and work informally instead. Governments and civilians around the world have vocalized their support for Ukraine and opposition to Russia; therefore, the EU risks international backlash if it fails to absorb and aid millions of Ukrainian refugees. The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. Many are living with so-called foster families and are being exploited . Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? Tradues em contexto de "refugees to being" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : In addition, it must withdraw its support for the EU decisions, which together with the Schengen Agreement and the Dublin Regulations, condemn thousands of refugees to being trapped in Greece against their will. According to the U.N.'s 1951 Refugee Convention, a refugee is "someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion." The decision that wealthy northern European countries such as Denmark and the UK made last fall, when they dismissed the EUs call for sharing the responsibility by refusing to receive any of the 120,000 asylum seekers relocated from the south, revealed their humanitarian priorities. A third study, a replication of the second study, included a sample of 23 male and 108 female students (average age of 33 years) and concluded that, aside from the prejudice threat, every threat type was associated with unfavorable attitudes toward migrants. MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. Rather than let a whole generation of young people from the Middle East and other strategic zones rot in camps where extremism thrives, the EU could turn the current crisis into an opportunity for regional change. Many Central and Eastern Europeans are empathising with. PublishedFebruary 28, 2022 at 3:31 PM CST. Ukrainians enjoy more lenient entry requirements, refugee reception centers offering essentials, easier travel within the EU, and free public transportation and phone services. A new report released by The Guardian shows the recent massive migration inflow to Germany has had a positive impact on the GDP, as the population growth among the working age has increased while unemployment has decreased. the U.S. has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees, more than 700,000 people have been granted asylum. Second, under the EUs temporary protection directive, any Ukrainian national who flees as a result of the invasion, plus his or her partners and children of any nationality, may receive permission to stay in any EU country for one year; previously, a Ukrainian passport permitted visa-free entry into the EU for only up to 90 days. While media outlets have labeled Ukrainians refugees, they oscillated between refugees and migrants when referring to Middle Eastern and African refugees in 2015. Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. subscribe to Stanford Report. These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. show that asylum centers tend to isolate residents. While we do not know the specific educational and skill profile of the now over 3 million Ukrainians who have fled, urban Ukrainians tend to have higher skill levels than other middle-income countries. The United Nations refugee agency has expressed concern over these expulsion flights, noting that those impacted are being sent back to the very dangers they have fled in their countries of origin. Indeed, these asylum-seekers should instead be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed all refugees deserve protection, not just our allies. If the U.S. can orchestrate a historic airlift of Afghan refugees in the midst of a pandemic, we cannot use Covid as an excuse to turn away those seeking protection at our southern border. U.S. intelligence agencies have assessed that. RANA KHOURY: We certainly do see it play out in terms of the politics of refugee reception in the idea of whose burden should it be to take refugees who are from the global South, the Middle East, Africa, versus, you know, who is welcome and who can be brought in here. The 2014-15 refugees had no such rights. Chancellor Angela Merkel is facing her biggest political crisis to date over this issue, with over 40 percent of Germans calling for her resignation this year in response to her open-border policy. , religious, cultural, and the Maslovas, a lecturer in digital corroborating this bias! In 2016, my IPL colleagues found a strong anti-Muslim bias implications for improving public and... 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