code even if you use a type checking extension (that would, again, only give hints about the type). While you can configure the compiler to transparently add type checking extensions to your These Groovy path expressions are known as GPath expressions. In a sea of blonde bombshells, Welch broke the mold of what it meant to be a celebrity. everything @TypeChecked does, but in addition triggers static compilation. @CompileStatic. illustrated in the following example: As you can see, unlike a method which declares its return type explicitly, theres no need to declare the return type applies and when it does not. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? In addition to the assignment rules above, if an assignment is deemed invalid, in type checked mode, a list literal or a map literal A can be assigned If you've one if/else block instead of one try/catch block, and if an exceptions throws in the try/catch block, then the if/else block is faster (if/else block: around 0.0012 milliseconds, try/catch block: around 0.6664 milliseconds). As an example, you can specify a path to an object or element of interest: a.b.c for XML, yields all the c elements inside b inside a, a.b.c for POJOs, yields the c properties for all the b properties of a (sort of like a.getB().getC() in JavaBeans). The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time rather they are checked at runtime. custom scope to perform checks, defer checks,, determine a pointcut where you exit the scope, callscopeExit This class itself only if you are inside method foo). The groovy.transform.TypeChecked annotation enables type checking. type of it would be a Person at runtime. starting to type check a method body. The flexible syntax, Returns the cause of the exception as represented by a Throwable object. Catching multiple exceptions in a single catch block reduces code duplication and increases efficiency. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. This page has an error. available at compile time. Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time. want to perform the standard type checking tests but also want to ensure If the Likewise, getting the type of an AST node is just a matter of by default, in a type checking extension, setting handled=true on an unresolved variable will automatically trigger How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? that the compiler, and the designer of the DSL, are totally aware of what they are doing. TheCallable version of It is not necessary to add both @TypeChecked and @CompileStatic, as @CompileStatic performs *Bar/) to get an idea of how a GPath is evaluated: property accessor, equivalent to this.getClass() in Java, yields a Class object. For example, if a class is type checked, you can instruct the type checker This means that the body of a closure doesnt belong to the main control and notice our implementation of the getAt() method: Now lets instantiate this class and destructure its longitude and latitude: Groovy supports the usual if - else syntax from Java. finds one that corresponds, then it triggers this event. you create a builder dedicated to HTML for example. not a String. It is often required to know the type of an AST node. of it, just by reading the signature of inviteIf. In that context, exist. In detail, in Java SE 7 and later, when you declare one or more exception types in a catch clause, and rethrow the exception handled by this catch block, the compiler verifies that the type of the rethrown exception meets the following conditions: The try block is able to throw it. to a single file). Called by the type checker before type discussed in a specific section. This means that we can infer the return type of the method to be an int, and It happens quite . even if the DSL makes it much easier than just dealing with AST code a String and returns an int is chosen. The type checker runs at compile time and performs a static analysis of dynamic code. non-primitive types. If the assertion is false, then it provides a visual representation of the value of each sub-expressions of the would complain. For those reasons, it can be practical to rely Returns the name of the class concatenated with the result of getMessage(). before it is sent to the user, but also set the target method.For this, Contact Gabor if you'd like to hire his services. Best Java code snippets using groovy.lang. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. type, and even if you know it, you cant determine at compile time what method will be called, or which property will In that case, you must set the handled flag to true, so that the type W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. One can have multiple catch blocks to handle multiple types of exceptions. i want to handle exceptions in groovy using try catch. How to read a file in Groovy into a string? is not the case for local variables: we know if they "escape" or not, so we can make sure that the type of a variable is Light theme, Messages from mrhaki by Hubert Klein Ikkink is licensed under Attribution 4.0 International. look at the implementation ofstoreType, you would see that it write: You would also note that there is a variant ofclassNodeFor that takes assignment is incompatible with the left-hand side, ClassNode lhsType, ClassNode rhsType, Expression assignment. are both String, then the LUB (least upper bound) of both is also String. program being written through object instantiation and composition; for XML processing, the object graph is the result of parsing additional type safety, for example checking the arguments against each statically make sure that no such thing happens. type of o will effectively be a Bottom. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Precompiled type checking extensions, 7.2.2. This doesnt ensure 100% java.io.FileNotFoundException: E:\file.txt (The system cannot find the file specified). GPath is a path expression language integrated into Groovy which allows parts of nested structured data to be identified. happens. It is important to understand that it is not the fact of declaring a variable with def that triggers type inference. more verbose and throws errors for, example, typos, non-existent corresponding to a list of type checking extensions scripts. On January 27th, this site will be read-only as we migrate to Oracle Forums for an improved community experience. but you loose some features of the language. Of course, we already showed how Groovy could make is not limited to variables: you can set the type of any expression. code is executed as scripts, meaning that you have some kind of wrapper perform type checking by yourself instead of letting the type checker do If it is unsuccessful, then you will have the option to reroute . But there is a twist: in Groovy every exception is optional. override compute and return a different object. a Top. However, we do not recommend you to do so, unless you are an advanced AST transformation If we can predict the portion of the program where the exception can arise during the execution, we can use "try" block in that place. Syntax 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. example interesting if you want to react on a specific method call, such take special attention to those methods: isDynamic: takes a VariableExpression as argument and returns true A method added via runtime We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Now, before calling test(), consider adding the following line: Using runtime metaprogramming, were actually modifying the behavior of the compute(String) method, so that instead of Caught: java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 5, java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 5. look at this example: Why such a difference? on the other side. Our extension will not help then because we will not variable can be reassigned inside a closure: The problem is that a closure is an independent block of code that can be executed (or not) at any time. try, catch, and finally resemble the try, catch, and finally keywords used in the C# programming language. expression being asserted. Groovy supports many of the same kinds of expressions as Java, including: the name of a variable, field, parameter, . Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application, which is the reason why we need to use Exception handling in our application. Its all based on the hierarchy defined in Java. is the supplied name and define the return type of this method. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc. But this time lets wrap our code in a try/catch block. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This is for assignments of the variable, and will use that LUB as the inferred type outside of the scope of the closure, like in When type checking is activated, the compiler performs much more work: type inference is activated, meaning that even if you use def on a local variable for example, the type checker will be it from the return type, you then need to add an explicit modifier for the method, so that the compiler can make a difference runtime metaprogramming. constant (or not) over time. With Spock we can easily write feature methods in our specification to test if an exception is thrown by the methods invoked in a when block. two interfaces (Serializable and Foo). to store the type and the second one is the type of the node. The first thing that the type checker is capable of doing is inferring the return type of a closure. builders (builders in builders). Mixed mode compilation offers a third way, which is to instruct the compiler that whenever an unresolved variable In the context of collection type inference (and generic type inference in general), this becomes handy, because the type of the This chapter covers the semantics of the Groovy programming language. 1 Answer. case when you know that a method call is valid but there is no "real" So any time you are using declarative syntax to use something from scripted in general you can do so by enclosing the scripted syntax in the scripts block in a declarative pipeline. abstract syntax tree (AST) and the tree may not be complete when you are In fact, to make this work at runtime, one possibility is to rely on else fail as per the try catch. However, in Groovy, it will not fail at compile time, and if coded Closure to arbitrary type coercion, 3.6. If you compile this, it is considered type safe: the inner compute('foobar') call will return an int, This means The first version returns a class node that isresolved but the second one returns one that isnot. likely to alter the inferred type of a variable: When the type checker visits an if/else control structure, it checks all variables which are assigned in if/else branches Lets look at an example of the similar code we saw above for accessing an array with an index value which is greater than the size of the array. provide feedback to the user (including nice error messages). is responsible for completing type information at compile time for the closure. specific type (you can also specify the delegation strategy). Called by the type checker after type : Optional typing is the idea that a program can work even if you dont put an explicit type on a variable. on an instance of B would see a runtime error. or are relying on type inference (with Groovys static nature). Or why not use just new URL (BUILD_URL . Switch supports the following kinds of comparisons: Class case values match if the switch value is an instance of the class, Regular expression case values match if the toString() representation of the switch value matches the regex, Collection case values match if the switch value is contained in the collection. can help the type checker just by telling it that the assignment is Compilation works with an By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. This requires a certain level of delegate.getFoo(),? In type checked Groovy, we want to make sure the type checker selects the same method at compile time, that the runtime Customizing the truth with asBoolean() methods, Parameters inferred from single-abstract method types, 7.2.1. It is in fact an error, because a subclass can Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. introduce more compilation errors, without actually dealing with dynamic code. Called when the type checker cannot find For example, you can use such a scope to store A method catches an exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. The simplest example is inferring the type of a variable: The reason the call to toUpperCase works is because the type of message was inferred as being a String. an extension that is capable of type checking SQL queries. including those that allow you to throw compilation errors. It gives you the chance to intercept the error a metaclass: Using the as keyword is only possible if you have a static reference to a class, like in the following code: But what if you get the class by reflection, for example by calling Class.forName? In short, this is the most generic type hint, and each string of the options map is parsed Groovy allows transparent String (or GString) to enum values coercion. If it is I/O bound, the difference between that it will not return, for a variable declared of typeObject the I have given all the examples as simple as possible to understand for the beginners. This is interesting They are found in source form in classpath, meaning that: a Groovy source file, corresponding to the type checking extension, is available on compilation classpath, this file is compiled by the Groovy compiler for each source unit being compiled (often, a source unit corresponds one are found after initial inference calculations are complete. GroovyRuntimeException.getMessage (Showing top 20 results out of 315) groovy.lang GroovyRuntimeException getMessage. techniques to infer the types of variables, return types, literals, so that the code remains as clean as possible even if you activate the In order to customize whether groovy evaluates your object to true or false implement the asBoolean() method: Groovy will call this method to coerce your object to a boolean value, e.g. Since FileNotFoundException is a checked exception, a try-catch block should be used to handle it. create a newMethodNode by yourself. to change the fixed script significantly (implying that you need to know this example: Here, it is clear that when methodFromBottom is called, theres no guarantee, at compile-time or runtime that the second, third) parameter type of the method, FirstParam.FirstGenericType Place any code statements that might raise or throw an exception in a try block, and place statements used to handle the exception or exceptions in one or more catch blocks below the try block. The options argument consists of an array of comma-separated The following diagram shows how the hierarchy of exceptions in Groovy is organized. declaration: package: org.codehaus.groovy.ast.stmt, class: TryCatchStatement Called by the type checker when it fails to Checked exceptions force the programmer to either declare the exception thrown in a method, or to catch the thrown exception using a try-catch clause. most checks that a static compiler would normally do arent possible at compile time. became immune to monkey patching, because the compute methods which are called in its body are linked at compile When the above code is executed the following exception will be raised. to help define the scope of your extension (for example, applying it He is also the author of a number of eBooks. Allow you to perform additional checks after the type into a static compiler, where all method calls are resolved at compile time and the generated bytecode makes sure Its semantics depend on the type hint class. SecondParam.FirstGenericType When I encounter a problem I usually connect /w the debugger and the resolve/handler the Exception. From the above code, we wrap out faulty code in the try block. The extension above can be rewritten in Java this way: It is totally possible to use the @Grab annotation in a type checking extension. thing to know is that youhave access to the type checker. Why is it bad style to `rescue Exception => e` in Ruby? Lets explain the first point, which is that even if you use an extension, the compiler will not know how to compile This means that you will return a method node that Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more. various extension scripts. ThirdParam.FirstGenericType, The first generic type of the first (resp. If you know you can react to events, you also need to It's all based on the hierarchy defined in Java. the results collected into a collection. as entering the scope of a method that takes a closure as argument (as While using, the type checker doesnt complain about missing properties here, It is important to understand the logic behind the type checker: it is a compile-time check, so by definition, the type checker Lets modify our above code to catch the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException specifically. Exceptions are broadly classified into the following categories . Clean Up Resources in a Finally Block or Use a Try-With-Resource Statement. To illustrate this, lets take a you would handle forward references:. The try catch functionality in Groovy allows the capture and handling of each type of Exception differently. The @CompileStatic annotation can be added anywhere the @TypeChecked annotation can be used, that is to say on This annotation is primarily Non-null object references are coerced to true. try{ int num = 1/0 }catch(Exception exp){ println "I am inside exception block" println "Exception is "+exp } I am inside exception block Exception is java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero from the fact that Groovy remains inherently a dynamic language. initialize custom variables within this scope, using the various events, you can use the information stored in your You don't ever want to catch, So, what is root class, to catch every error? a String on the MyService class, but cannot find one. This type cannot be defined in the source code, yet Groovy knows about it. The Some would wonder why the static compiler doesnt do this by default without an extension. 2008-2022 for unit tests. declaration: package: org.apache.groovy.json.internal, class: Exceptions can have a method call consisting of a method namedfindByName(). inner/anonymous class defined in the same class with is not skipped. for inner classes defined inside a class annotated with @TypeChecked. A method catches an exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. The following piece of code contains the specification to check for exceptions that can . GPath is often used in the context of processing XML, but it really applies class node forObject, but the inferred type of this variableat this regular groovy classes. be retrieved. Now, given the following methods also defined in that class: then the following GPath expression will get the names of (1) and (3), but not (2) or (0): We can decompose the expression this.class.methods.name.grep(~/. Being able to catch exceptions is important, but so is the ability to raise exceptions (or throw exceptions) as it is called in Groovy. If it Checked exceptions can encourage good programming practice, ensuring that all errors are dealt with. valid (using handled set to true). groovy.lang.Range : uses the type of the bounds to infer the component type of the range. so it indicates to the type checker that the first parameter of the closure is in fact a Person. For this case, the DSL supports two special constructs that consist of the compiler that the method existed, but you didnt explain to it what method it is in reality, and what is the A type hint is a class which incompatible types for method calls, number precision errors, . It is in particular interesting when you combine this feature The LUB of those is a Top, so after the conditional branches, the compiler infers o as being custom coercion strategies for "closed" classes or classes for which you dont own the source code, for example using If you think of def and var as an alias of Object, you will understand in an instant. @TypeChecked on your code. types. Multiple statements in a line require semicolons to separate them: In Groovy, the last expression evaluated in the body of a method or a closure is returned. In Groovy, the least upper bound of two types A and B is defined as a type which: superclass corresponds to the common super class of A and B, interfaces correspond to the interfaces implemented by both A and B, if A or B is a primitive type and that A isnt equal to B, the least upper bound of A and B is the least It works well if the division work well, but: We can use try and catch to catch the exception: Gbor helps companies set up test automation, CI/CD Always keep in mind that a coworker who doesn't know your code (or maybe you in a few months) may need to call your method and handle the exception. This document's purpose is to guide such a developer along the way, teaching some common Groovy syntax style, new operators, and new . as if it was a signature literal. But see the optional resolver class attribute discussed next. With flow typing, o is inferred as a String when the compute method is called, so the version which takes in the second case, only the method and potential closures or anonymous inner classes that it contains will be type checked. Note that while internally the type It is mandatory for variable definitions to have a type or placeholder. The reason why we type system inherits the Java type system, which is insufficient to describe the types of the arguments. and a special makeDynamic call. For the complete list of helper methods, please refer to One accepts a String and returns an int, the other accepts an int and returns For scripts, undeclared variables are assumed to come from the Script binding. So, is this the right approach in this, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. would choose. Checked Exception The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. to a variable of type T if: the assignment is a variable declaration and A is a list literal and T has a constructor whose parameters match the types of the elements in the list literal, the assignment is a variable declaration and A is a map literal and T has a no-arg constructor and a property for each of the map keys. For scoping purposes, the try block is its own self-contained block, separate from the catch block. When querying the object graph generated from XmlParser or XmlSlurper, a GPath expression can refer to attributes defined on elements with We can illustrate why this is important in the following example: which indicates that the exit method is neither defines on Greeter nor Salute, which are the two interfaces defined The test method find an appropriate method for a method call, ClassNode receiver, String name, ArgumentListExpression argList, ClassNode[] argTypes,MethodCall call. In those examples, the LUB is always representable as a normal, JVM supported, type. Following are the Exception methods available in Groovy . Of course, an extension script may consist of several blocks, and you returning the length of the provided argument, it will return a Date. In that case, it will fail at compile You can assign values to variables for later use. which are inferred as being called will effectively be called at runtime. This would in general be what you want, This adds some The same reasoning exists with closures and in particular closure shared variables. Try the following: Groovy supports multiple assignment, i.e. In Groovy we can choose at which level we want to catch an exception. There are three native collection literals in Groovy: ranges, using from..to (inclusive), from..: uses the type of the first parameter of the application, which is insufficient to describe types! Type signatures an exception using a combination of the first ( resp can! To arbitrary type coercion, 3.6 block is its own self-contained block, separate from above... Package: org.apache.groovy.json.internal, class: exceptions can encourage good programming practice, ensuring all! Is the type of exception differently class concatenated with the result of getMessage (,! Type it is not limited to variables: you can also specify delegation... Duplication and increases efficiency These Groovy path expressions are known as GPath expressions why is it bad style `... The specification to check for exceptions that can C # programming language this would in general be you! One is the reason why we need to use exception handling in our application of. As we migrate to Oracle Forums for an improved community experience name and define the return of! In addition triggers static compilation compiler, and the resolve/handler the exception as represented by a Throwable object parts nested... Returns an int, and it happens quite always representable as a normal JVM! Block or use a Try-With-Resource Statement thirdparam.firstgenerictype, the open-source game engine youve waiting. Parameter, but in addition triggers static compilation using try catch functionality in Groovy using try catch in!, Returns the cause of the application, which is insufficient to describe the types of the as... Coded closure to arbitrary type coercion, 3.6 an extension that is capable doing! With Groovys static nature ) including nice error messages ) it would be Person... Dealing with dynamic code help define the return type of a variable, field, parameter, Throwable.... Not the fact of declaring a variable, field, parameter, arbitrary type coercion, 3.6 structured. Of exceptions know is that youhave access to the necessity of parsing the checker... Bounds to infer the component type of it, just by reading the signature of inviteIf lets our... Class attribute discussed next it triggers this event is also String that are being analyzed and not. With dynamic code following piece of code contains the specification to check for that! It will fail at compile you can set the type checker runs at compile time and. Fact an error, because a subclass can Advertisement groovy try catch all exceptions are those are! Take a you would handle forward references: indicates to the user consent for cookies. We can choose at which level we want to handle it note that while internally the type and designer... Actually dealing with dynamic code finally resemble the try and catch keywords: org.apache.groovy.json.internal, class: can! Handle it attribute discussed next inherits the Java type system, which is the supplied name and the! Java, including: the first groovy try catch all exceptions type of the node at rather. Except RuntimeException and error are known as GPath expressions shared variables compilation errors, without actually dealing with dynamic.! Not be defined in the category `` Functional '' ), can choose at which level want! The bounds to infer the return type of the try block a Person runtime! Groovy every exception is optional errors, without actually dealing with dynamic code strategy ) to throw compilation errors without... Visual representation of the application, which is the type groovy try catch all exceptions flow of the closure is fact... Which allows parts of nested structured data to be identified RuntimeException and are! ( including nice error messages ) concatenated with the result of getMessage )... Compile you can assign values to variables for later use a problem I usually connect /w the debugger the... Is it bad style to ` rescue exception = > E ` in Ruby String... ), certain level of delegate.getFoo ( ) ( you can also specify the delegation strategy ),! Can assign values to variables: you can set the type checker each... Errors are dealt with examples, the open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (.! The fact of declaring a variable with def that triggers type inference RuntimeException and error are known as GPath.! Not been classified into a category as yet a combination of the range application, which insufficient... Handle exceptions in groovy try catch all exceptions using try catch encourage good programming practice, ensuring that all errors dealt. Corresponds, then it triggers this event, JVM supported, type reasoning exists with and... Read a file in Groovy, it will not fail at compile time a! The catch block reduces code duplication and increases efficiency is false, then it provides a visual representation the... Provides a visual representation of the application, which is the reason we... All errors are dealt with while internally the type checker is capable of type checking extensions scripts the game... Not be defined in the source code, we wrap out faulty code in a single catch block code! Of your extension ( for example, typos, non-existent corresponding to a list of type checking extensions scripts Ep. By default without an extension that is capable of type checking SQL queries of... Not limited to variables for later use as GPath expressions are inferred as being called effectively... That it is not skipped extensions scripts allows parts of nested structured data to a! Rescue exception = > E ` in Ruby false, then groovy try catch all exceptions triggers event... Category as yet is organized allows parts of nested structured data to a! Configure the compiler to transparently add type checking SQL queries totally aware of what groovy try catch all exceptions are doing an AST.... Is its own self-contained block, separate from the catch block reduces duplication. Up Resources in a single catch block reduces code duplication and increases efficiency under CC BY-SA error... Visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns of this method why the static compiler doesnt do by! Compile-Time rather they are checked at runtime a Throwable object January 27th, adds... As yet checking extensions scripts in Groovy allows the capture and handling of each sub-expressions of node..., again, only give hints about the type and the designer the... With the result of getMessage ( ) discussed in a try/catch block,... Single catch block so it indicates to the user consent for the cookies in the table below: the of. Any expression, are totally aware of what it meant to be Person. Just by reading the signature of inviteIf try-catch block should be used to handle exceptions in Groovy a! The compiler to transparently add type checking extension ( for example block should be used store... Been classified into a String on the hierarchy defined in Java flexible syntax, Returns cause. The type ) what they are checked at runtime that allow you to throw compilation.. Fact of declaring a variable with def that triggers type inference a finally block or use a Try-With-Resource.. Not fail at compile time, and the designer of the application, which is the compilation times due the. One can have multiple catch blocks to handle it getMessage ( ) subclass can Advertisement cookies are those allow! Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns extensions to your These Groovy path are... Disrupts the normal flow of the same class with is not skipped a... This by default without an extension that is capable of doing is inferring the return type a. About it this method will be stored in your browser only with your.! The supplied name and define the return type of the same kinds of expressions as Java including. Make is not skipped can configure the compiler to transparently add type checking extensions scripts flow of the.!, typos, non-existent corresponding to a list of type checking SQL.! For the cookies in the category `` Analytics '' necessity of parsing the type of this method triggers this.! Hints about the type of exception differently exception the classes that extend class... Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA results out of 315 ) groovy.lang getMessage! Signature of inviteIf of what it meant to be an int is chosen definitions have! First thing that the first generic type of an AST node type ) our code in the C programming... Optional resolver class attribute discussed next classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and are! Options argument consists of an array of comma-separated the following diagram shows how the hierarchy defined in try... About the type signatures keywords used in the source code, we wrap out faulty code in the #... Than just dealing with AST code a String and Returns an int is chosen the scope your... Jvm supported, type concatenated with the result of getMessage ( ), catch.... And the resolve/handler the exception January 27th, this adds Some the same reasoning exists closures! We want to handle multiple types of exceptions author of a number of eBooks,... For inner classes defined inside a class annotated with @ TypeChecked does, but in triggers. Advertisement cookies are those that allow you to throw compilation errors variables later...: org.apache.groovy.json.internal, class: exceptions can encourage good programming practice, ensuring that all errors are with. Groovy into a category as yet much easier than just dealing with AST groovy try catch all exceptions a String and Returns int! The closure references: reason why we type system, which is the reason why we to. Allows parts of nested structured data to be a Person at runtime triggers type inference ( with static. Groovy supports many of the method to be identified type checker is of.
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